A variety of English Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

A variety of English - Essay Example29). In their discussion on language variation Becker and Bieswanger (2006, p. 174) characterise that a variety of English language may stem from three distinguishable components which can be identified as 1) geographical 2) sociolects and 3) functional. As say previously, geographic varieties are explored through the recognition of characteristics that are linked with the adoption of dialects on the basis of region.However, the notion of sociolects encompasses the critical influence of social aspects in do-gooder with economic components as the key factors for determining the extent of language variation as it emerges as an outcome of social status, nature of job or elaborate and affiliation with groups. Accordingly, the aspect of functional varieties is linked with the selected use of language as per the existing scenario and the specific requirements of interaction with regard to the given situation (Becker and Bieswanger 2006, p. 174). Once the raw material assessment of language variation has been conducted, it is important to suggest that the concept of a standard denotes that a specific linguistic system is labeled as the norm in a society and thus distinguishes itself from the variation of linguistic systems which may exist in the same society.As an integral concept in the moot of linguistics, the notion of variety has been incorporated into scholarly works and analysis to identify and apply the teachings of the discipline for comprehending the role of language as the most significant subdivision of human reality and the social construct. In alignment with this view, this paper comprehensively explores the popular debate on the notion of whether the existence of language variation in English can possibly encourage the language to emerge as truly neutral means of communication and correspondence. The paper incorporates scholarly articles and sociolinguistic

Capsim Organization and Competitive Environment Essay

Capsim Organization and Competitive Environment - Essay ExampleThe organization has also embarked on a massive marketing program which has helped in creating awareness of the business to the market. The organization has a wide market coverage comprising of not only students but business men all over the world. This has make it the global leader in developing and delivering business tips to practicing and aspiring business people on how to run profitable businesses (Hersey & Blanchard, 1974). This paper will review Capsim as an organization and its competitive environment.The organization has an enormous investment especially technologically. This is extremely risky especially with the changing dynamic of technology. The business calls for large expenses to cater for its operations and the costs crush transferred to consumers making it unaffordable to many. The organization has complied with all regulatory procedures.Contingency theory states that there is no known best way of faret ing up an organizational structure. Contingency theory argues that the solution to any managerial problem is dependent on the factors that affect a situation. The theory suggests that effective managerial techniques get influenced by the tasks the organization is striving to achieve (Barney, 1985). Contingency theory attempts to equip managers with the capabilities to provide possible solutions to a business challenge. The theory explains that the best way to set up a company is dependent on the present internal and external factors facing the business. Some of these factors include customers, suppliers, government and technology. The theory attempts to develop a strategy that can address environmental uncertainties and challenges facing the business effectively and efficiently. The theory has sort to generalize formal structures that fit the use of different technologies.The fortuity theory explains that the successful application of a tool or technique in one setting may have no influence in another. The theory

Student teachers, educational judgement In the 21st century classroom, Essay

Student teachers, educational judgement In the twenty-first century classroom, using the association of heartfelt ends to decide appropriate - Essay ExampleThis paper provides a brief philosophical view of education to identify the good ends that mentors should aim for in their teaching education program. Guided by traditional and modern philosophical system of education and the insights offered by the current literature in the field, the present paper hopes to contribute to the proposal of identifying good ends to decide appropriate means for training 21st century teachers. Identifying the good ends smashing ends, in the teaching field atomic number 18 the ideal characteristics student teachers should possess in order to prepare them for the challenges in the field. Good ends would serve as guide to help mentors determine the process that student teachers should undergo during education. To identify these qualities, we take light from the wisdom of the great philosopher, Aristo tle. In addition, we light beam upon the current literature to reveal further insights on the qualities of an effective teacher. Coulter and Wiens (2002) explored Aristotles view of phronesis and related it to the desir fit qualities of a teacher. According to the authors, the term phronesis may mean the same as practical wisdom or practical judgment. By practical wisdom, Coulter and Wiens (2002) mean the possession of knowledge and the ability to take for knowledge in actual terms. In their discussion of phronesis, Coulter and Wiens consider the arguments made by Hannah Arendt, a Jew philosopher who distinguishes between good thinking and making good decisions. Coulter and Wiens point out that there are teachers who possess knowledge yet are unable to transform their ideas into concrete actions, in other words, they are unable to attain phronesis as they stop in merely possessing knowledge. A review of current literature on the qualities of an effective teacher confirms the impo rtance of knowledge or subject matter expertise as one ideal teacher quality (McNamara and Webb, 2008 Auger and Wilderman, 2000 Chickering and Gamson, 1991). However, the said sources do not reflect qualities relating to the fantasy of phronesis, thus confirming the lack of realisation of the difference between the possession of knowledge and its application. Coulter and Wiens (2002) articulate Arendts argument that to possess phronesis, teachers should be mind spectators and judging actors at the same time. Judging spectators are able to think and reflect on what is happening around them. They possess an understanding of occurrences, and are able to interpret these occurrences on their give birth. Following this, future teachers should be trained to make good judgments. This is possible if teachers will be allowed to think and decide for themselves. Krishnaveni and Anitha (2007 28) identify the good example of autonomy and proper decision making as a form of teacher empowerment . Thus, to promote the attitude of judging spectators, mentors should provide opportunities for student teachers to make their own decisions whether in terms of instruction, classroom management, and assessment. Moreover, teachers who are judging spectators are able to deal with pluralityor the ability to coexist with others, even those from other cultures.

Outline What Radio Station Or Stations You Listen Essay Example for Free

Outline What Radio Station Or Stations You Listen EssayMy interests in listen to radio and TV weapons platforms argon focused mainly on news program programs, current affairs features and interviews. I am excited by interviews of world leaders, the current news and programs relating to current affairs. For this reason, my dearie channel on radio is CBC Radio One and my preferred channel on TV is CNN. The radio station that I listen to for news and current affairs is Radio One, it is a CBC channel and the World Report makes me up on(predicate) of major news program. It is broadcast at one bit interval so that I can listen to it even if I miss one bulletin.The World Report in the morning allows me to keep abreast of the international new that have taken place during the night. In addition, the program has domestic stories and the events that are expected to happen during the day. Listening to Radio One in the morning makes me ready to face the day. Also I love earreach to t he voice of Judy Maddren every morning. It is refreshing. Another program that I like listening to is Sounds care Canada on Radio One. It is Shelagh Rogers perspective on the different communities and citizens of Canada.The program explores the diversity and allows us to meet her guests every weekday. Another program that I enjoy listening to regularly on Radio One is As It Happens in the evening. This program is a current affairs program that brings interesting interviews with world leaders and deposed leaders. The program loves eccentricities and I love the program for the depth to which it goes in probing every story. The program addresses complaints, digs into demonstrations, carries cries for justice and investigates bizarre scenarios. This is really an exciting program.On the television set the program that I like the best is Larry-King Live on CNN. I like this show because of the manner in which interviews and discussions are carried out. Larry-King shows great sensitivity t owards the battalion he interviews and the results are great. The persons whom he interviews open up. He takes phone calls from all over the world. The persons he has interviewed recently are Anna Nicole Smith, Rudi Giuliani and Judge Judy Again on CNN, I watch the Anderson Cooper 360 degrees. This show gives me a good look at world events, including the most important news from all over the world.Why I find this show fascinating is that it presents the most mundane news in an interesting manner and it also gives news that would normally have been ignored by other news channels. I also like the medical news given by Dr. Sanjay Gupta in this program. I have got several useful wellness tips from this program. Some of the important features of Anderson Cooper 360 degrees that I like are the blog, newsmaker interviews and keeping them honest. I really like the honesty tilt to the shows. It really catches crooks. On CNN I like the Late Edition (Cable News Network 2007).This show dishes out excellent interviews with leaders. The interviewees have included the president of the USA, the US Vice-President and the past president. In addition there are international stories and the latest news. I like this program because the interviews are high profile, the news objective and features interesting. To sum, I love listening to Radio One, a CBC channel, the programs that I like are the World Report, As It Happens, and Sounds Like Canada. On the TV the programs that I watch are on the CNN. These programs are Larry-King Live, Anderson Cooper 360 degrees and the Late Edition.

Favourite Hoiliday Essay Example for Free

Favourite Hoiliday EssayThe word Diwali is an incorrect form of the word Dipawali, which means Rows Of Light. pile will celebrate this fiesta during Karthik (October- November). All Indians will celebrate this festival but different religious people have various opinions about it. The Hindhus celebrates this festival as a gesture of their joy because when Sri Ramachandra return to Ayodhya after 14 years exile in the forest following his victory over barbarous demon Ravana in a war and signifies the victory of good over evil. This is a day for which every child waits through out the year. Though its a festival for all people it is very interesting to young people because they savor most on this day. On this occasion everyone will care to wear traditional dresses. On this day my house is completely decorated with flowers ,candle lights and elecronic bulbs so it looks like a heaven twinkling with sparkling lights. I savant shopping around 1 month before the festival, because it is not only a festival for us its a day where all of our cousins fight to look pretty, so it resembles the fashion show. Everyone will peer like angels dropped from heaven, I think two eyes are not enough see the viewer of them.On this ceremony my mother will prepare delicious food, the menu itself is really mouth watering. My favourite dessert is double ka meeta its very lively and delicious. The ingrediants added in this are bread, milk, sugar, butter, almonds and cashews. One of the only thing I miss about Hyderabad a lead off from people is food especially this dessert nothing beat generation this taste. when I eat this dessert it definitely comes into my dream because its taste is that superb. The thing that which sounds very interesting and elite part of this festival is bursting of crackers. There are bunch kind of crackers, but I like rocket and Vishnu-bar most. I am really excited while bursting rocket because it directly goes upwards with vivid colorize and zooyi sou nd. Its really a beautiful scene when all the crackers bursted and emits bright colours with variety sounds. In the night time the whole urban center looks like a stars in the sky.All in all, I go to bed with all these memorable moments in my mind. It brings a wonderful feeling into the warmness and souls of every man, woman andchild. Everyone must celebrate the festival and savor the fresh feeling in it. New clothes, dishes, sweets, fun and crackers all these are part of this festival.

\Yale University Investment Essay Example for Free

Yale University investiture EssaySummaryThe Case is about the decision of the Yale Investments Office whether to continue to portion the bulk of the universitys endowment to illiquid investmentshedge funds, private equity, real land, and so forth. Important is to consider the risks and benefits of a antithetic asset allocation strategy. Before the choice between different subclasses, e.g., between venture capital and leveraged buyout funds would be analyzed it is advantageous to get first background information. Effective management of a university endowment requires reconciliation fundamentally competing objectives. On the one hand, the University requires immediate proceeds to support the current generation of scholars. On the other hand, investment managers must consider the quests of generations to come. In order to understand the behavior of the Yale University would be a view thrown in the past helpful. In the 20th Century the growth of the Yale endowment was deepe n rapidly due to enormous bequests and big investments in equity. In 1930 equities represented 42% of the Yale endowment this was in comparison to other universities (11%) very graduate(prenominal).Because of the Great stamp severe erosion of its endowment was avoided in 1930, but in the end of this decade reduced a treasurer of Yale the sh atomic number 18 of equities. The reason was that higher taxes expropriate profits. He assumed that bonds better perform than stocks. For the next two decades, treasurer selected individual bonds high yield or income orientated stocks for the portfolio. In the 1950s and mid-sixties this strategy was less useful for the bull market so they had to change their policy. First Yale decided to increase substantially the universitys exposure to equity investments and s Yale decided to contract out much of the Portfolio Management wait on to an external adviser. The plan was the external company Endowment Management Research Corporation (EMR) would function as a quasi-independent external firm would be free to recruit additional clients. At the same time Yale would be its cock-a-hoopst client and would have antecedence over other clients. But the expectations were not realized. So in 1979 due to the plummet of the inflation-adjusted Endowment value by 46%, terminated Yale its relationship with EMR.They followed workings with a variety of external advises in its envolving asset management framework. Now, David Swensen was in 1985hired to the Head of Yaless Investment Office and the whole Investment delegacy consists of a well-diversified team. Besides Yale could develop its investment philosophy from 5 dogmas. These are the principles 1). Strong believe in equities. Equities are a claim on areal stream of income while the bonds have low expected returns but poor performance with uncertain inflation. The long-run returns of equity is tremendous than the long-run return of bond. This principle is reasonable for the equity can bring risk premium return for the portfolio.2.) Diversify Portfolio. Risk could be more effectively reduced by vary the portfolio to different kinds of asset classes rather than pile on the single asset class. With the diversified strategy, the portfolio can prevent extremely loss when the market is down unexpected.3.) test opportunities in less efficient markets. There are far greater incremental returns in nonpublic markets with incomplete information and illiquidity through selecting superior managers.Therefore, The Investment Office devote large portion of fund in illiquid investments. This principle sounds good but the Investment Office should pay attention to potential large risk.4.) Utilize outside managers for all but the most routine or indexed of investments. For the outside managers can be given considerable autonomy to implement their strategies with relatively little interference from Yale. However, its not an easy task in finding excellent managers in foreign eq uity market, especially in acclivitous market. Also, we will face the problem of interest conflict between Yale and the external managers.5.) Focus critically on the explicit and implicit incentives facing outside managers. Because rarely asset management business had good incentive alignments built into typical client-manager relationships.It is necessary for Investment Office to construct good innovative relationships and fee structures with versatile external managers to consist the manager interests with Yales. Yales Investment Committee annually reviewed its endowment portfolio. For the choice between different asset classes we will consider the positive allocations in 2006.*2006 (current Target allocation)*Considered only the last 2-3 years The consideration of the expected returns and risks from its current allocation and compared them with those of past Yale allocations and the current mean allocation of other universities reflected the need of university to diversify it s holdings.In August 2006, Swensen and Takahashi believed that they probably wanted to continue with investments in less efficient markets. But Private investments were important in contributing to Yales highest returns. How should Yale portion its new commitment? Compelling category to invest in Venture Capital/ actual estate/ Real assets, choices today? Mix between new groups and established organizations? Should Yale expand its transnational program to include a greater emphasis on Asia and other emerging markets?OverviewAdvantage DiadvantagePrivate Equity(Venture Capital/ Real estate/) -consists with investment philosophy-long-term relationship with limited number of organizations-Excess Returns (15,4%) by portfolios active Manager-greater exposure than other schools-scale on which PE operated-VC midmarket BO-relationship with recognize manager competitive advantage -Yale has taking into custody of the private equity process -boom and bust cycle (high risk)-defections of key personnel-manager risk-avoid VC obtaining access to the best firms nearly impossible-Yale should invest with a top-tier firm International PE Funds -good, because of the more and more competitive in the U.S market-they have general partners on site (e.g China) -more planning-subsidiaries or affiliates of large financial institutions-difficult to evaluate foreign private equity organizations and selecting managerReal Assets (Real Estate/oil and gas) -interesting set of investment opportunities-avoid mortgages and other debt -only seductive if they could find the right manager with the right strategies and the right incentive structures-transaction fees or fees based upon assets-less attractive oil-and-gas, because it is difficult to find well-designed oil-and-gas partnerships Foreign equity/ Emerging markets -Undervaluedsecurities-provide portfolio diversification-grow rapidly, provide opportunities for active managers to earn superior returns- 7 active emerging market manager in the PF-(well diversified)-Slow development of institutional investing-Leading foreign manager appeared to work for large institutions -returns low correlation with those of the US-link between growth and profitability is easy Bonds / Foreign fixed-income securities -low risk -Skepsis, if returns are enough for compensation of default risk and callability of corporate issues-low expected returns perform poorly Approach (regard to the table above)Yale should stay committed to private equity (e.g high returns, Yales hedging strategies reduces risk in private equity, enough important benefits to being in the private market). Besides it consists with the investment philosophy (principles). They should diversify portfolio with international private equity funds, it allows to break into new markets and get new opportunities, key managers are on site.Yale shouldnt invest in real estate (Real estate industry is dominated by firms that were compensated through transaction fees or fees bas ed upon assets under management. These firms have every incentive to keep their investors capital walk up over long periods of time. Besides less attractive is also oil-and-gas industry not enough knowledge and key manager). They have 7 key manager in the Portfolio for emerging markers, so it is a great opportunity to expand in emerging markets and find undervalued securities. The link between growth and profitability, which is weak can change with good manager decisions. They could diversify the risk with the high Private Equity returns.

Organisational Change Of The American International Group Commerce Essay

Organisational Change Of The Ameri toilette International Group Commerce EssayThe Ameri discount global group has a history that dates linchpin to 1919. The comp each was started when Cornelius Vander Starr established an insurance agency in shanghai the capital city of china. Starr was the prototypical individual from the western to sell insurance policies to the Chinese. Starr sold policies until the company which is the current AIG left china in 1949. In the same year the companys headquarter was moved to New York in United States from where it expanded by fashion of venturing into an new(prenominal)(prenominal) markets in the parts of Latin America, Asia, Europe and Middle East.In 1962 the management of the company moved from Starr to Maurice Greenberg who diverted its intentness from personal insurance gross sales to high gear margin corpo ordain coverage where he eliminated agents by bringing in independent brokers whom he used in selling insurance polices. This stra tegy helped the company to price insurance depending on its probable return even at measure when on that point were reduced sales of certain products and for a long period and still incur very little extra expenses. After Greenberg took over the management of the company it so superstar(a)r went overt in 1969. Starting from 2005 the company was caught up in a series of frauds that were investigated by the justice department of U.S., the office of attorney general in newfound state and the securities ex salmagundi commission. The then CEO Greenberg was suspended and replaced by Martin Sullivan in Feb. 2005. In June 2008 some financial losses were disclosed which led to the fall of AIG dowry price in the stock market. This resulted to resignation of Sullivan who was then replaced by an other CEO Edward Liddy in sep. same year. American international group is the biggest underwriter of industrial and commercial insurance. The financial scandals of 2008 led to vast losses to the company which made it suffer a liquidity crisis as its credit rating was downgraded.AIG it a globally recognized insurance company with branches in un worry parts of the creative activity. Its vision is to be the leader in innovative mortgage solutions opus its mission is to be the mortgage insurer of choice through professional and dedicated staff, entrepreneurial leadership, disciplined assay taking, guest satisfaction, and through solutions to facilitate Canadian homeownership. The companys global benefits profit has lately introduced the AIG atlas as one of its strategies. This atlas is a basically a range of products meant to assist in meeting the unique benefit call for of the employees. This lead then enhance the utility of the cap capability of the companys employees in over 100 countries hence be able to provide the best services as rise up as personify telling solutions to its customers all over the world (AIG Group Management Division 2009). The unique benefits to the employees will include medical insurance, disembodied spirit insurance and long term disability insurance. The company also intends to provide full time services through charge-free phone number as well as management and monitoring of emergency medical cases.Strategies of AIGThe company is one of the leading international insurance and financial geological formations. It has partnered with several trading groups including CRM, which is the number one credit management solutions provider in Europe. This partnership has enabled the company to provide better customer satisfaction and hence improving its sales of insurance policies while accomplishing capacity gains. Currently, American international group operates in more than 130 countries while its member companies serve institutional, commercial, as well as individual customers through the widest property, life, and casualty of any insurer in the world (AIG Group Management Division 2009). The company is consequently goi ng through a period of drastic reviews of its of the processes and social system in all its centres so as to maximize and establish its B2C customer management. By making use of its resources more effectively the company aims to purify the efficiency of CRM and provide the best responsive customer carry off.Having partnered with other outsourcers, AIG realized the importance of outsourcing partners with whom they can combine the breadth of experience by providing well managed and high smell services. In 2002 AIG and finalized a employment strategy with Transom with outlined a number of challenges such as developing governmental skills to secure uttermost profitability and customer satisfaction. The company also had to act according to the desired outcomes for improved organization, quality and management as well as provide salute effective high quality and fulfilment solutions (AIG Group Management Division 2009). Following the corporation surrounded by the two companies Transcom began to handle the inbound customer care service on behalf of AIG. Transcom then enhanced the quality of services by kick in a go at iting with the mistakes in the existing program of AIG.Leveraging its long experience and first class engineering, Transcom has been able to strengthen and expand the CRM activities of AIG through addition of telemarketing campaigns. Transcom has also succeeded in bolstering AIGs customer revenue and base through contacting its potential customers and presenting them with smooth-tongued offers to coverage commerce. The general improvement in the quality of service of AIG has come from the enormous improvement in customer relations which has in turn modify AIGs image as a professional organization. All this was possible since Transcom kept indoors the service level boundaries as well as constant customer contact (AIG Group Management Division 2009)Organizational Behavior AnalysisOrganizational behavior psychoanalysis is an evaluation of the government agency individual work in an organization. The organization does not need to be a business institution like the American international group but can also be a religious institution. The ultimate goal of organisational behaviour analysis is to understand in a better way the relationships between individuals in an organization, the relationship of the employees and the organization and the organizations relationship with the rest of the society (Harigopal 2006). This information is then used by the management of organizations to increase the efficiency and productivity of and achieve the goals and objectives of the institution as a whole. fit to Harigopal (2006), by gaining and understanding this doledge the employee are able to realize the contributions of their individual efforts to the bigger image of the organization. The progress and triumph of every organization rests on the philosophy of management as well as on its vision, goals and values. These factors the n drive the organizational acculturation that is made up of the social environment, prescribed and informal organization. The nicety then influences the type of communication, leadership and group dynamics within the institution. The employees or workers in the institution then take these aspects as the quality of their work life and therefore they determine their rate or degree of motivation. The ultimate results of these will be individual satisfaction, performance, personal growth and the general tuition of the organization.Organizations are undergoing exceptional radical transplant in all systems of operation ranging from decision making to global competitive pressures and engineering to acquisitions and mergers(Harigopal 2006). Organizations suck in therefore to resolve quickly and effectively while remaining flexible and transforming themselves for the new world of work. Organizational behavior is therefore written with these wobbles and it explains through what leader s and managers need to know about organizations as they struggle to bring productivity and success in them. Organizational behavior and leadership development is institution wide responsibility that stretches across all functions and departments.Culture is described as the conventional behavior in a given society that includes beliefs, knowledge, customs and practices. Although it rarely attains its way into the conscious mind, it oftentimes affects the behavior of human beings within a given society or organization. Employees in an organization like the AIG usually depend on its culture since its culture gives them stability, understanding, security and the ability to react to a given situation. Organizational culture creates a number of concepts, situations and strategies that affect every level of planning in any institution. Understanding the operation of culture and organizational grammatical construction and the machinery that it runs behind the scenes helps the employees to organize and strengthen the effective cultures and remove the bad ones thus establishing and environment that promotes success within the institution.According to leadership theorists, diminishing and weakening of an organization together with the employees resistance to alternate is usually caused by ineffective leadership (Harigopal 2006). For instance the American international group underwent financial crisis in 2008 as a result of poor leadership. The bad culture of impunity that had been developed in the company led to corruption and misdirection of funds as well and some other unscrupulous deals. Strong leadership and organizational culture are necessary for long term success in every corporation. However some institutions may show signs of success for a long time even without a strong organizational culture but when the culture starts to erode, the big organizations take only a short period of time to collapse.Strong leadership is necessary for a strong organizational c ulture although the reverse is also true. Without strong leadership to maintain everything running, a strong organizational culture will only dull and eventually erode. Practising business people and theorists ready found out that organizational culture and leadership are tightly intertwined. Leaders require having a clear understanding of the relate and identity of the organization culture so as to determine the kind of adjustments and management systems needed within the organization as well as involve the unspoilt styles of effectively communicating their visions to rest of the institution.The study of the operation of organizational culture and organizational structure mothers the practical study of organizational culture and structure implications fundamental. In all organizations from government groups to sport teams, the study of the impact of culture and structure on the general picture of an organization shows a better way of making an entity work. Good organizational structure ensures balanced distribution of responsibilities among the top management of groups as well as among the workers (Harigopal 2006 p.102). This has shown that good organizational structure with excellent personnel that ensure all are focused at the same goal, works well than excellent but conflicted personnel. Organization structure generally deals with the culture set up. It deals with the working of the management, the specific responsibilities of the supervisors, and the manner in which a complaint is passed through the ranks. Organizational structure ensures that.Managing change in organizationsA significant change in an organization deceases when the overall strategy of an organization are changed for success, or when an organization adds or removes a major section or practice or when there is a change in the operation nature. Organizations develop by undergoing through significant changes at distinguishable points in their progress. Successful organizational chang e is usually very difficult to achieve thus it usually calls for skilful leadership in change management. In work organizations there are divergent approaches in guiding change whereby some are structured, planned and explicit while others are more unfolding, organic and implicit.These approaches work in different styles. about work from the coming(prenominal) to the present for instance when an organization develops a vision to be achieved in the future and then lays down strategies on how to acquire that vision. nigh other approaches will work from the present to the future. In this approach the organization will identify its current problems issues and goals and then lay down strategies on how to deal with those priorities and how to achieve them (Harigopal 2006 p.97). The variation in the type of strategies used depends on the culture of an organization or on the leadership style of the managers. When starting from the present to the future the organization looks at its past in relation to the present and then looks at the present in relation to the future and then evaluate whether it can still go on with its activities just like it has been doing.For an organization doing business in this fast changing and advancing environment, doing thins like has been doing before may not help it compete fairly with others in the industry (Harigopal 2006 p.98). Even doing the same thing harder or even fine tuning it may sometimes make no difference. What organizations need to do keep doing things different as the changing business environment demands. In the daily operation of organizations the structures, methods, processes and technologies that were appropriate in the early market conditions may not be applicable in the current or future conditions. This implies that organizations may be forced to reset themselves on different assumptions and business prospects that are in accordance to customer focus, innovativeness, competitive intelligence, and competency bas e.For the best results in a change effort, the change agents should first of all have a comprehensive understanding of the context of the change effort such as the right strategies needed and the kind of results expected. This means that the change managers should have a clear understanding of the basic structures and systems in an organization as well as their typical terms and roles (Harigopal 2006 p.98). The leadership style and management systems of an organization in relation to its culture are also necessary. Change management encompasses thoughtful planning and sensitive implementation of necessary strategies. beforehand a change is initiated and during the change process the change leaders should conduct extensive consultations with the people affected by the change and also involve them in the change process. The managers should also find ways of aligning the aims of the business with the needs of their people.The managers should check if the people affected agree with or at least understand the need for change and that they have a chance to decide or give views on how the change should be managed. The sensitive aspects of the change management should be handled through showcase to face communication so as to convey meaning and understanding. According to Harigopal (2006), managing change therefore demand establishing different management structures, like the interim structure to deal with the business of the business, the transition management structure to smoothen the change process and a structure to stream line the new state of the organization (p.95). Before starting the change process, an organization should be clear on its purpose, direction and vision as well as have a clear analysis of its prevailing strengths and weaknesses in relation to opportunities and threats. The dynaminism of business environment will then determine what should be changed and the required pace of change.Impact of technology on businessAccording to (Hkansson, Walusze wski Prenkert 2009), business today is inextricably entangled with technology starting from the smallest business to International Corporation with a number of monolithic applications of legacy. In todays world one cannot be in successful business activities and fail to come across the issues of technology. This is because the way business processes are carried out today is very different from the way they were being carried out 30 years ago. Technological advancements have occurred in several areas from communication, stock market, travel i.e. by air, land and water and technology has also evolved around our lives.Information technology has revolutionised the systems of business operation around the world. Local business have now gone international as a consequence of simple website information technology that than enabled them to advertise internationally (Hkansson, Waluszewski Prenkert 2009). Information technology (IT) has helped in customer service where big organizations lik e Microsoft and American international group attend to needs of their customers through online services like email and chart. Internal and external networking in organizations has improved business operations around the world. through networking staffs and clients in organizations can effectively get in touch with their leaders for feedback and updates on progress and extensions.Communication within firms as well as between firms has really bloomed with the current developments in technology. Business between organizations has even become easier and more effective. For instance the American international group has been able to work with other organizations and improve its services due to improved IT and communication. However due to high technology computer systems in organisations todays business calls for extensive and careful planning. This planning can be done on organised pattern, with formats schedules and Gantt charts. Due to improved computer systems huge data bases can now be managed and stored on network and back up drives for future records. Accessibility of stored data and files has also become easy with the discovery of a series of shared folders and password keys. According to Hkansson, Waluszewski Prenkert (2009) interchange transactions are easily made hence reducing delay which then gives liquidity to business and makes the overall processes in business meteoric.Information technology has enabled the businesses to put up an easier and effective coordination with their suppliers. This then has enabled them to benefit from production economics when they operate with the large specialized suppliers. Furthermore the drastic reduction of in the IT cost as well as the reduced risk of transaction in explicit coordination has been it possible for extensive application of explicit coordination with the suppliers. The resulting economized transactions and other factors thus enable a long term business partnership with a smaller set of suppliersAccor ding to Johnson Redmon Mawhinney (2001), communication is an essential part of any organization regardless of its operation size. It helps in edifice public relations via effective interpersonal relations and enhancing teamwork for high performance. Effective communication basically entails relaying cognitive contents in a clear and precise manner making it easy to be understood without altering the essence being conveyed. Communication is composed of a couple of stages vector as the source of communication, encoding involves the sender internalizing the message, channel of communication, decoding is relaying the message to the receiver. Receiver in this case is the intended recipient of the message and the reaction/feedback of the receiver completes the cycle. The effectiveness of the communication depends on both the degree of attention from both the listener and the recipient of the message.For effective communication one strives to reduce the mistakes likely to occur at ev ery stage of communication discussed above. Encoding involves synthesizing the information to be communicated. The precision and ease with which you communicate will depend on the level at which you internalize the message (Johnson Redmon Mawhinney 2001). Special attention should be placed on the critical issues, the likely mistaken assumption the communication might generate and the lacking information. One should understand well the message he wants to convey, project the likely impact and reaction it will be getting then relay it at the best time possible Wrong interpretations or assumptions may result to communication breakdown. Communication breakdown slows the implementation of ideas and creates stumbling blocks for the path towards the success of an institution. Both the sender and conveyer of the information should have the same understanding of the information. Well conveyed message helps the listeners understand your thoughts, your perspective on a certain idea.Channels of communication transfigure from electronic communication electronic communication (fax, internet, video conferencing) face to face, telephone, mails, reports, memo and notices. Choosing an appropriate channel adds value to the information being relayed since each channel has its advantages and weaknesses. decoding of the message by the listener also requires skill. One should be keen in order to note things like the mood of the sender the feelings in the message and its relevance. Poor decoding which mostly arises from lack of deep understanding of the issue at hand limits the importance of the message. Feedback by the receivers both verbal and non verbal helps in assessing how effective the communication was received. Upon failures it might be important to repeat the message. Circumstances at which you relay your information has impact on the communication.Many organizations like AIG have maintained success and goals achievement due to use of effective communication methods whic h have enabled participation of all employees towards accomplishing common goals. Removing mistakes from all the stages of communication is very important. The message should be organized, summarized and with minimum or no errors at all.Recent studies point out that communication skill both written and spoken is the biggest factor in isolation that is used in determining managers of cooperation. This is a major boost on the ability to relate well with your subjects and respect you. Poor communication skills will lead stand in the way of career progression as it leads to poor coordination of ideas.ConclusionIn todays world, whether an organization is a profiting or non-profit making, it very important that the organization motivates and utilizes its talent. Understanding the organizational behaviour is a major factor for increased opportunity and chances of success in the business world (Johnson Redmon Mawhinney 2001). On the other comprehensively understanding the organizations cul ture ensures continued growth in a diverse manner. In order to attract talents and high quality skills into an organization there is need for a culture of open communication and diversity. Once the institution has the best culture it needs in its activities then it can improve its efficiency and have more widespread viewpoints from which it can learn from hence expanding its systems and operations. However there should be good care to ensure that the organizational culture and structure are in accordance or compatible with the strategic goals of the organization.In todays fast moving global world fro business, organizations need to quickly learn their threats and opportunities and adapt to them. The rate at which an organization learns these factors, affects the speed and efficiency at which the organization handles these opportunities and threats. Effective communication is also a very important factor in the productivity and success of every organization (Johnson Redmon Mawhinne y 2001). Communication can either be formal or informal which are both used in all institutions whether directly or indirectly. Formal channels of communication in organizations usually follow the chain of command which is usually from top to bottom. On the other hand the informal channel tends to be more open and spontaneous. Gossip is some form of informal communication. The informal communication is a very effective method of communication and its mostly used by small companies.Investments aimed at increasing the level of explicit harmonization with the outside agents has resulted in enhanced risk to organizations. This has traditionally made organizations to avoid this increased risk by under investing in coordination. However information technology has been found to have the ability of reducing coordination cost without increasing the associated risk of transactions resulting in more outsourcing and less vertically integrated firms. Lower relationship specificity of IT investme nts and better capability of monitoring, means that organizations can safely invest in information technology. This will then enhance coordination between firms than in traditional investments.The rate and importance of organizational change has not slowed in the past years but it has actually been improving. The continued rapid technological innovations are bringing in changes in organizational processes and systems. The faster growth in internet has enabled much easier and faster access to information and knowledge which has then changed the way people operate businesses. The expectations of employees in their movement from one organization to another have also increased hence necessitating more and more organizational changes so as to meet the current market demand. American international group is a constantly changing organization due to the changing customer demands among other factors.According to AIG Group Management Division (2009), the rate of change portrayed a good cultur e of AIG that does not show resistance to change in the organization. Although the company experienced some hard times in 2005, its culture of good change enabled it to come out of the crisis. Organizational change has seen the abolition of some of the international market barriers which has then helped many organizations like AIG to venture into partnership with foreign institutions thus improving its market and services. This therefore illustrates the importance of constant organizational change.In spite the importance or organizational change not all the undertaken changes that deliver the expected benefits to the organization. This is the reason why any change in an organization should be carried out through the right procedures. Strong leadership qualities for the managers are also necessary for successful organizational change (Harigopal 2006). Failure for organizational change to deliver is usually brought by reasons such as absence of a change agent with qualifications or th e change agent being too junior in an institution. Lack of support by the senior management and their committed executive should be available in any organization. Poor definition of organization objectives and diverse dimensional solutions helps in building confidence in the involved participants hence enabling them to take part in every process of the change.Failed organizational change initiatives do a exercise set of harm to the employees both in their spirit and strength which creates more difficulty in the accomplishment of the consecutive change initiatives. Actually todays managers face a great challenge in managing change. In order to ensure success therefore all managers are required to understand their organization together with their real needs. According to Harigopal (2006), the change leaders should also understand that bringing positive change in any organization is primarily about changing the employees behaviour in certain ways. Leadership, and powerful management s kills like visioning, planning, prioritizing, giving feedback and rewarding are key issues in the success of any organization.