Teenage Struggle

Chapter 1 Problem and its Setting The emergence of new technologies and the fast-paced technological advancements marked the beginning of the 21st century. Different gadgets and tools to live up to the wants and to help ease the difficulties encountered by man in his daily existence have been invented and argon constantly developed. Un akin in the past, these changes are non enwrapped to a certain nation or country only, simply preferably, to the whole humankind population. Effects of these technologies in the fields of medicine, education, transportation, communication, economics, and warfare, to name a few, are glob onlyy observable.Information superhighway is un dubiousnessedly one of the most developed fields. Extensive look intoes have been done to improve this indispensable field. Social Networking communities are here to preventive. Facebook has over d million expendrs, while twitter has over 200 million. Thats not even counting blogs or Y proscribedube video blogs. Theres no doubt that the students are promptly engaged in online communities. Some of the amicable interneting points have a negative & discernable effect on us as human beings. How such(prenominal) do these selected social networking sites affect out our actions, our thoughts, our decisions & in general our lives?Social networking sites offer great deal new and varied ways to communicate via internet, whether through their PC or their mobile phone. They allow people to easily and simply create their own online page or profile and to construct and display an online network of contacts, often called friends. Users of these sites can communicate via their profile twain with their friends and with people outside their list of contacts. This can be on a one-to one basis (much like an email), or in a more public way such as a comment affix for all to see.We live in a society which praises individuality & freedom, & therefore to most people it is a scary thought that an outside source, such as some of social networking sites has a large(p) effect in our lives, & therefore it is no surprise that most people do not believe that these selected social-networking sites have a strong personal execute on them. But when it comes to students it becomes more personal. The effects of our modern media on the students are something that we do not true(a)ly bang for m each years. If ever, history might give us a clue the parallels between the advent of to daylights new social networking sites amp the advent of books show that we could be in paradigm societal change. But no other media absorbed ones brio in such a passive, complacent way as the internet do to thousands of students. More research are bring to be done in this field, and we believe that it is self apparent to everyone that some of the social networking sites have a large impact on our lives. We determine our identity in relation to Facebook, cheep, Google, Youtube are all determined by some soc ial networking sites to some extent.Ideally, as researchers we would give away the skills to discern the effect of some social networking sites in our lives & learn to control & to resist its temptations. Thesis Statement This arena identifies how social networking sites, itemly Facebook and chirrup, exercise students in doing good and bad things, on how social media affects the mental & physical behavior of students in school or at home. This study to a fault wants to happen upon how students adapt to the exposure of many people that they do not k without delay on the internet.The researchers want to study how some of the social networking sites influence students because the researchers want to know how they adapt to different people & how they adapt to new social trends in our time. Objectives 1. To determine how Facebook and cheep influence the academic performance of the selected grade 8 students. 2. How Facebook and Twitter affects the physical, mental and social health of the selected grade 8 students. 3. To enume set their motivations why they are utilise these some social networking sites. Hypothesis A. Null HypothesisMany students rely on the accessibility of instruction on the social networking sites specifically and the web in general to provide resolvents. That means a reduced focus on encyclopedism and retaining information such as the features of the web wherein sites can be bookmarked or downloaded, thus, making it available for students anytime. B. Alternative Hypothesis Social Networking sites have increased the step & quality of collaboration for students. They are able to communicate meeting times or share information quickly, which can increase productivity and help them learn how to work well in groups.Social networking sites teach students skills that they leave behind need to survive in the business world. Being able to create and main(prenominal)tain attachions to many industries is an inherent part of developing a caree r or building a business. Statement of the Problem Generally, this research paper is giving information about the effects of social networking sites, particularly Facebook and Twitter, to the studies of selected grade 8 students of St. bloody shames honorary society of Caloocan City. Specifically, it seeks to answer the following 1. What are the profiles of the respondents in terms of their a.Age b. Gender c. Time dish out for using social networking site/s d. Time deal out for analyse 2. Why do they need to register to these social networking sites? 3. Are there any changes in your everyday activities when you started using social networking sites? 4. Are they sensible in any harm that the social networking sites might do to them? 5. What are their motivations why are they using these some social networking sites? Scope and Limitations Because of many Social Networking sites in the Philippines, this research focuses on the two mostly used by the youth, Facebook and Twitter.The study was conducted at St. Marys Academy of Caloocan City. It will focus on the positive & negative effects of the social networking sites, particularly Facebook and Twitter on studies of the selected grade 8 students. Thus, it will be limited to the output that the selected respondents, every 20 students from grade 8 students coming from the sections Diligence, Justice, Patience, Prudence and Purity will provide such as data and information that will come from the questionnaires that were distributed as well as the information that will be gathered and criticized.Significance of the Study The result of the study will benefit the following To the Students of St. Marys Academy of Caloocan City This study will give information on how to use it in a proper manner and to be aware of how these social networking sites could affect their studies. To the Faculty This study will give the teachers sufficient knowledge about how the students utterly affect their studies because of the social networking sites nowa years. How this new technology affects the youth nowadays. To the CommunityThis study intends to make the community aware on the effects of social networking sites. To give information on how they can use it in a more advantageous way. To the Future Researchers The researchers can have a basis for future study regarding on the effects of Facebook and Twitter in the studies of grade 8 students. To the Parents Parents must know this social networking sites and how it affect on their childs study habits. Also, to guide them in their academics. To the User This study would also help the user to control the usage of Facebook and Twitter and to focus more on his/her studies.DEFINITION OF TERMS * Abuse The improper usage or treatment for a bad purpose, often to unfairly or improper gain benefit. * Dependent Relying on someone or something else for aid, support. * Descriptive Study A statistical study to identify patterns or trends in a situation, but not the casual linkages among its different elements. * Facebook Is a popular free social networking website that allows registered users to create profiles, upload photos and video, order messages and keep in hang with friends, family and colleagues. Mental Health Describes a level of psychological well-being, or an absence of a mental disorder. * Paradigm One that serves as a pattern model. * Questionnaire A research instrument consisting of a series of questions & other prompts for the purpose gathering information from respondents. * Social Networking Sites A social networking site is website where individuals can set up an online profile, describing his/her interests, and add links to other profiles. Generally, users are able to post personal information, including photographs, videos, and blog entries. Temptation The act of tempting or the condition of being tempted. * Twitter is an online social networking service and micro blogging service that enable its users to send and read t ext-establish messages of up to 140 characters, known as tweets. Chapter 2 Related Literature and Studies 2. 1 Related Literature (Awake, 2011. ) Social networking site can be addictive After just a few days of having an account, I couldnt stop looking. Students can just spend their hours through pictures and post instead of studying. It consumes your time, privacy, reputation, friendship and time. (Boyd, 2006. In educational institutions, success is measured by study habits, or how well a student meets standards set out by local government and the institution itself. As career competition grows ever fiercer in the working world, the importance of students doing well in school has caught the attention of parents, legislators and government education departments alike. Therefore, when the term low is integrated with the term study habits, it is the inability to acquire particular grades on examinations that indicated the individuals mastery of the content, and skills in applying lea rned knowledge to specific circumstances. Wiseman, 1961. ) on the point of study habits or excellence, (Tuckman, 1975. ) posted that, performance is used to label the observable manifestation of knowledge, skills, concepts, and to a lower placestanding and ideas. Thereby, performance is the application of learning product that at the end of the process provides mastery. It is the acquisition of particular grades on examinations indicated a candidates ability, mastery of the content, skills in applying learned knowledge to particular situations. A students success is generally judged on examination performance.Success in examinations is a crucial indicator that a student has benefited from a course of study. tooth root http//www. irma-international. org/viewtitle/43067/ 2. 1. 1 topical anesthetic Articles Facebook had over 500 million users who go online with active profiles. Because of its great influence, Facebook has a lot of critics, and for good reason. No matter how you loo k at it, whether it is consensual or not, Facebook is intrusive. Not too many Filipinos are aware that Facebook has received so much criticism. It is not that they are not aware of what is going on in other countries.It is more a case of not being able to relate rather than not knowing or caring enough to learn about other countries. Facebook makes it easy for us to connect and share things we like and to read about and know our friends. It has made complex human interaction simpler it made things that were already there easier. It has simplified how we live our lives. Source http//opinion. inquirer. net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110304-323534/The-Facebook-effect 2. 1. 1. 1 The Facebook Effect This article is related to the research because it explains the facts and effects about Facebook.This article will help us to understand why the youth continuously patronizing Facebook and other social networking sites. What are the things/reasons why they choose it instead of studying. 2 . 1 Related Studies How do Social Networking Sites Affect Students? just about of the time, students spend their time hanging around the web with the popular social networking sites. Every day, more and more people are getting more committed toSocial Networking sitesas it is now moving in as one of the primary means of communication of people. Facebook, Twitter, and Google+ ere only a few of the tons of the sites out there that caters the need of people. Through Social Media, people have the chance to combine work and relaxation. However, did you ever encounter the question? How do Facebook affect your life? And what is your answer? What are the benefits a student can get by using Social Networking Sites? Here are some points * Get in notion with your loved ones, relatives, and friends * Get to know the latest news and issues * Participate in online discussions * Communicate with your course of actionmates * Be reminded of assignments, projects, and quizzes Conduct group meetings for group projects and announcements * Get the latest billet and messages of your friends through the News Feed Obviously, social sites have a lot of uses for people with their exceptional functionalities. Even without meeting in person, people can now interact with each other and make a productive gathering. However, despite the fact that Social Media are extremely helpful, it is still not perfect because there are still some negative points we can encounter while using it. Some of the bad effects are * It invades your privacy * It distracts you in everything you do Too much attachment to it whitethorn lead to spending too much time in it without doing your tasks * There are some wrong information released by unauthorized people thatcauses fear The mentioned good and bad effects were only partial and it also varies depending on the person involved. Though some people still makes the best out ofSocial Media, we cant still forget the negative side of it. Maybe, we should just ask o urselves on what is our current localisation in the Social Networking World. The ever-growing technology helps us make our life easier and better but we must be sure that we should treat it with moderation.Source http//www. noypigeeks. com/featured/how-do-social-networking-sites-affect-students/ 2. 2. 1 Local Studies It is true that an interactive world can help the students to do their assignments efficiently and accurately. The young members of population have started the marketers to start experimenting with alternative forms of communication. The birth of social networking sites and its evolution is enormously fast and the members are unlimited ( 2009). The only purpose of the social networking is to follow the success of Google in which they also adopted the advertising-based model.But the social networking sites did not gather that their adaptation of the advertising-based model is not sustainable since the students are only accessing their site just to interact of communic ate with their friends and not to purchase their products online. There is so much promise in advertising online, especially when there are large marketers, but if the target of the online site is the middle aged people the success is apparently blurred. Source http//opinion. inquirer. net/inquireropinion/columns/view/20110304-323534/The-Facebook-effect 2. 2. 1. Effect of social networking to students study habit However, it is logical to think that the students who used to view their network account more than infallible in a day is highly risky in failing grades, than the one who can manage her or his time and maintaining the routine to finish all his assignments before clicking the icons on his homepage. 2. 1. 2 International Articles Social networking websites are causing alarming changes in the brains of young users. Sites such as Facebook, Twitter and Bebo are express to shorten attention spans, encourage instant gratification and make young people more self-centered.More t han 150 million use Facebook to keep in touch with friends, share photographs and videos and post regular updates of their movements and thoughts. A further six million have signed up to Twitter, the micro-blogging service that lets users circulate text messages about themselves. but while the sites are popular and extremely profitable a growing topic of psychologists and neuroscientists believe they may be doing more harm than good. Lady Greenfield told the Lords a teacher of 30 years had told her she had noticed a sharp decline in the ability of her pupils to understand others.Psychologists have also argued that digital technology is ever-changing the way we think. They point out that students no longer need to plan essays before starting to write thanks to word processors they can edit as they go along. The author said that hes not against technology and computers. But before they start social networking, they need to learn to make real relationships with people. Source http/ /www. dailymail. co. uk/news/article-1153583/Social-websites-harm-childrens-brains-Chilling-warning-parents-neuroscientist. html 2. 1. 2. 1 Social Websites Harm Childrens BrainsThis article is related to the research because it explains how the physical and mental abilities of the children affected because of Twitter and Facebook. Also, it explains why Facebook potently patronizes by the youth. 2. 2. 1. 2 International Studies Social networking websites like Orkut, Facebook, Myspace and Youtube are becoming more and more popular and has become part of daily life for an increase number of people. Because of their features, young people are attracted to social networking sites. In this paper, the authors explore the impact of social networking sites on the education of youth.The study argues that these social networking websites distract students from their studies, but these websites can be helpful for education based on sound pedagogical principles and proper supervision by the te achers. Moreover, the research concludes that social networking websites have both positive as well as negative impact on the education of youth, depending on ones interest to use it in a positive manner for his or her education and vice versa. Source http//www. irma-international. org/viewtitle/43067/ 2. 2. 1. 2. 1 The Impact of Social Networking Websites on the Education of YouthThis study is related to the research because it has the similar problem that the researchers want to distinguish. It explains how useful are the social networking sites are. Chapter 3 Methodology The purpose of this study is to determine the effects of Facebook and Twitter to the studies of the selected Grade 8 students of St. Marys Academy of Caloocan City. This chapter discusses the research order, the respondents, the research instrument, the procedure and the statistical treatment of data. Research Design Descriptive Method was used to achieve the object of this study.This method is the gathering, a nalyzing and making accurate statistical method reference books and articles in the internet. It seeks to describe how do Facebook and Twitter affect the studies of Grade 8 students of St. Marys Academy of Caloocan City. Respondents The respondents of this research involved the selected Grade 8 students of St. Marys Academy of Caloocan City. Survey forms from each 5 section namely Diligence, Justice, Patience, Prudence and Purity were distributed. due(p) to the large number of students, only 50% of the total number of respondents will be included to avoid discrepancy.Research Instrument The researchers distributed questionnaires to each student it includes simple thus far conceptual questions. The researchers strategically apprehend of questions that would accurately reflect the desired data and result. The questions are as follows Statistical Treatment For the statistical treatment of data gathered, the researchers utilize theerfectage inorder to quantify the data gathered. For all the actors, the formula is P = F * coulomb N Where P = Percentage F = Frequency N = Total number of respondents Conceptual Framework form 1 Choosing a subject for a study and its potential problems. Suggesting ideas on what topic will benefit administrators, students and to the future researchers. STAGE 2 Looking for and using reliable sources for the background of the study. * Gathering information through books that was made by the previous researchers. STAGE 3 Planning and preparing the work tools to be used in the study. -The group planned to have a multiple choice question type by Ebel in 1992 STAGE 4 Distribution and collection of the valuate tools from the respondents. * Researchers will distribute a total of 100 copies of survey forms to the sophomore students. Every top 20 of each class will answer the given questionnaire. STAGE 5 Tabulating, Analyzing and Interpreting the data gathered. * Once answered and returned, the researchers will tabulate and analyze the res ults based on the respondents answers. STAGE 6 Analyzed data, drawing conclusion, and giving recommendation. Devise findings from the results. Formulate own conclusions on the results to the survey. Propose recommendations Theoretical Framework * The researchers conduct survey test about the effects of Twitter and Facebook to the strudies of grade 8 students. The researchers will tabulate the results in the survey that the researcher made to figure the common mis back outs of the respondents. * The Researches want to identify what are effects of Twitter and Facebook to the strudies of grade 8 students. * Social Networking sites have increased the rate quality of collaboration for students. They are able to communicate meeting times or share information quickly. * Many students rely on the accessibility of information on the social networking sites specifically and the web in general to provide answers. Chapter 4 Presentation, Analysis and Interpretation of DataThis chapter revie wed the analysis of the survey that was used by the proponents, the analysis table that shows the result of the survey and the interpretation of each table. TABLE 1 Exhibits the results of the survey questions 1 4 are concerned with the information when students are using Facebook and Twitter. No. of Respondents answered Percentage(%) 1. What is your time allotted for using social networking site/s per day? a. More than 3 hours 39 39 b. More than 6 hours 19 19 c. Less than 3 hours 36 36 d. Less than 6 hours 6 6 TOTAL 100 100 2.What is your time allotted for studying per day? a. More than 3 hours 32 32 b. More than 6 hours 8 8 c. Less than 3 hours 50 50 d. Less than 6 hours 10 10 TOTAL 100 100 3. Why do you need to register to these social networking sites? (Multiple answers allowed) a. To keep in touch with friends and family. 70 46. 05 b. To meet new people. 39 25. 66 c. For school purposes such as research 43 28. 29 d. Others ______________ 0 0 TOTAL 152 100 4. Do you find Facebook and Twitter addicting? a. YES. (please rate your addiction from 1-10. No. is the lowest) _______ 80 80 b. NO. 20 20 TOTAL 100 100 4. a. Addiction Level 1 0 0 2 0 0 3 0 0 4 3 4. 69 5 8 10 6 7 8. 75 7 11 13. 75 8 29 33. 75 9 11 13. 75 10 11 13. 75 TOTAL 80 100 From question number 1 and 2, the leading time allotted for students in using Facebook and Twitter and for studying is more than 6 hours followed by less than 6 hours. From the third question, we can see that the reason why students registers to Facebook and Twitter is that they want to keep in touch with friends and families. It is followed by for school purposes.Seeing the fourth question, the majority of the sophomore students said that it is addicting to use Facebook and Twitter. We asked them to rate their addiction form 1 10 and the most number is 8 followed by 7, 9 and 10. TABLE 2 Presents the physical, mental and social attitude of the students when they are using Twitter and Facebook. forever SOME TIMES SELDOM NEVER Do you often get dizzy when you browse the internet? 3 48 29 20 Do you elect to just stay at home and open your Facebook or Twitter account than to go with your friends? 11 44 30 15 Do you cull to use Twitter of Facebook rather than studying? 13 44 33 10 How often Facebook do helps you in studying? 17 54 24 5 How often does Facebook help you to overcome your mental illness? 14 34 40 12 TOTAL 100 100 100 100 The study shows that sometimes, the students get dizzy when they are browsing the net, they just prefer to stay at home rather than to go with their friends. Also, they said that sometimes, Facebook and Twitter were useful/helpful in their studying. To the last question, they answered seldom on how does Facebook help them to overcome their mental illness. Chapter 5 Summary of FindingsThe study utilized the survey approach of research precisely the descriptive method. The said approach is used as much as the principal rationale of the study was to figure o ut the problems and/or situations under such factors that mostly affect their academic performance. Students from grade 8 of St. Marys Academy of Caloocan City were asked to fill up a survey questionnaire. In order to determine the factors that affect students academic performance, the qualitative research techniques were used particularly the multiple choice questions by Ebel in 1992 and scale type by Kerlington in 1992.A survey questionnaire was prepared for students. This instrument was used to determine the problems and/or situations under such factors that mostly affect students academic performance. The questionnaire consists of 10 items as indicators. 39% of the sophomore students answered that they allotted more than 3 hours per day spending for Facebook and Twitter. 82% of them answered that they spent more than 3 hours in studying per day. 80% of the respondents believed that they find Twitter and Facebook addicting for them. As we asked them to rate their addiction from 1 (lowest) to 10 (highest), we got number 8 as the highest vote.As you can see the table 2 figure, numbers 1-4 got the most answer of sometimes. It means that Facebook and Twitter has a great impact on the sophomore students. Question number 5 has 40% of students who answered. Conclusions Based on the findings, the following conclusions were pull 1. The majority of the student respondents spend more than 3 hours in using social networking sites. 2. Most of the student respondents spend more than 3 hours in studying. 3. The main reason of the students why they are using social networking sites is because they want to keep in touch with their friends and families. . We found out that social networking sites are very addicting. 5. Sometimes, students do experience dizziness when staying long hours using the computer 6. Only a few students choose to stay at home to open their Facebook and Twitter accounts rather than to go out with their friends. 7. Almost half of our respondents said t hat Facebook sometimes helps them in their studies. 8. Facebook and Twitter seldom help the students to overcome their mental illness. Recommendations On the basis of findings and conclusions taken from the study, the following recommendations are given for consideration. 1.The students should avoid spending long hours in using social networking sites and talk with their parents. 2. The parents should set their own house Internet rules and take good part on their role in their childrens school performance. 3. The teachers should maintain their good relationship with their students and guide their students in using social networking sites. 4. The school administrators should be aware of the health hazards of using social networking sites so they can well educate the students. 5. The future researchers should also use other types of survey that will make the study more comprehensive.They should also gather other information about their respondents, e. g. , gender, age, school level, and apply more questions that will make the survey more convince and realiable. Appendices NAME (optional) AGE SECTION GENDER I. DIRECTIONS Read each question and encircle the letter of your choice. Please answer honestly. Thank You. 5. What is your time allotted for using social networking site/s per day? e. More than 3 hours f. More than 6 hours g. Less than 3 hours . Less than 6 hours 6. What is your time allotted for studying per day? e. More than 3 hours f. More than 6 hours g. Less than 3 hours h. Less than 6 hours 7. Why do you need to register to these social networking sites? (You may choose more than one. ) e. To keep in touch with friends and family. f. To meet new people. g. For school purposes such as research h. Others ______________ 8. Do you find Facebook and Twitter addicting? c. YES. (please rate your addiction from 1-10. No. 1 is the lowest) _______ d. NO. 9. Are there any changes in your everyday activities when you started using social networking sites? . YES . b. NO. II. Please answer based on your opinion. ALWAYS SOMETIMES SELDOM NEVER Do you often get dizzy when you browse the internet? Do you prefer to just stay at home and open your Facebook or Twitter account than to go with your friends? Do you prefer to use Twitter of Facebook rather than studying? How often Facebook do helps you in studying? How often does Facebook helplp you to overcome your mental illness? SIGNATURE ________________ SOURCE http//www. quibblo. com/quiz/aWuYw2c/20-Questions-for-Social-Media-Users

To Kill a Mockingbird – Dill Harris Character Sketch

Charles Baker Harris, who is commonly referred to as dill weed, is a little boy in the novel, To Kill a Mockingbird and plays the role of a composition board char momenter. dill weed is sincere friends with lookout and Jem and spends his summers with Aunt Rachel. dill represents the naivety and innocence of childhood and is a very intriguing character. Dill appears to be younger than his veridical age. In the beginning of the novel, Dill had a short stature and appeared to be four years of age, when in actuality, wassix years of age. How old are you, asked Jem, four and a one-half (Lee, knave 7)? Goin on seven (Lee, page 7). Scout yonders been readin ever since she was born and she aint even started school yet. You boldness puny for goin on seven (Lee, Page 7). The retells from the novel are from a conversation among Jem and Dill when they met. Jem initially assumes that Dill is four and a half years because of his youthful appearance and petite body. Dill corrects Jem, stating that he is actually six years of age and is turning seven. Dill says in the exit quote that he is quite small for his age. The quotes prove that Dill has a youthful appearance, small stature and appears younger than what he actually is.Dill also has colour hair and a pair of blue eyes. his hair was snow blanched and stuck to his head like duckfluff he was a year my senior but I towered over him. As he told us the old take his blue eyes would lighten and darken (Lee, Page 8). The quote from the novel is from the time when Scout is describing Dills hair and eyes. The quote is proof that Dill has fresh hair and blues eyes because this quote states that Dills hair was white with a duckfluff texture. The quote is also proof that Dill has blue eyes because the quote mentioned that Dill has a pair of blue eyes.Dill is of Caucasian race, given the fact that Dill has blue eyes. People of the Caucasian race are the only ones who can possess blue eyes. A positive trait that Dill possesses is his gift for storytelling and whimsical imagination. Dill would always make up peculiar stories about his life and share them with Scout and Jem. Refreshed by food, Dill recited this fib having been bound in chains and left to die in the basement (there were basements in Meridian) by his new father, who disliked him, and secretly kept alive on a raw field peas by a passing farmer who heard his ries for help, Dill worked himself free by pulling the chains from the wall. Still in wrist monocles, he wandered two miles out of the Meridian where he discovered a small animal show and was immediately engaged to wash the camel. He traveled with the show all over Mississippi until his infallible sense of direction told him he was in Abbot Country, Alabama, just across the river from Maycomb. He walked the remain of the way (Lee, Page 140). Another positive character trait that Dill possesses is his developed empathy for people.Dill proclivitys fair treatment of every hu s lice being, regardless of race. It was just something I couldnt stand. Dill said (Lee, Page 198). Dill, thats his job. Why, if we didnt have prosecutorswell we couldnt have defense attorneys, I reckon (Lee, Page 199). Dill exhaled patiently. I know all that, Scout. It was the way he said it made me sick, plain sick (Lee, Page 199). Hes supposed to act that way, Dill, he was cross(Lee, Page 199). He didnt act that way when(Lee, Page 199). Dill, those were his own witnesses (Lee, Page 199). Well, Mr. Finch didnt act that way to Mayella and old man Ewell when he cross-examined them. The way that man called him boy all the time an sneered at him, an looked around at the jury every time he answered(Lee, Page 199). Well, Dill, after(prenominal) all hes just a Negro (Lee, Page 199). I dont care one speck. It aint right, somehow it aint right to do em that way. Hasnt anybody got any business talkin like thatit just makes me sick (Lee, Page 199). The quotes from the novel are from a conversation between Dill and Scout after watching the trial of Tom Robinson for a while (Tom Robinson was a black man who was accused of sexually assaulting a white woman and was put on trial, notwithstanding the lack of evidence of the rape. The trial is unfair to Tom because the trial took place during the time when racism was prominent in the southern United States. The prosecutors and judges treated Tom disrespectfully and unfairly in the trial because he was black).In the conversation, it was shown that Dill was upset by the immorality of the trial and the cruelty of the people towards Tom Robinson because he was black. Scout tries to comfort Dill, but Dill was far too upset by the injustice. In the last quote, Dill says to Scout that Tom shouldnt be treated with disrespect because he was a Negro. The prejudice and unfairness of the trial reveals Dills empathy and desire for equal and respectful treatment of everyone, regardless if theyre black or white.This scenario in th e novel causes Dills character to mature, such that he gains sanitary moral values like Atticus (Atticus is Scouts father who is defending Tom Robinson and believes that black people should be treated equally and with respect, despite the fact that most of Maycombs citizens were racist). A trait of Dills that needs improvement is his naivety and his tendency to jump to conclusions without discussing his problems to anyone. Dill shows his naivety in the novel by running away from his parents because he believed that his parents didnt love or care about him. Dills voice went on steady in the darkness the thing is, what Im trying to say isthey do get on a lot bettwe without me, I cant help them any. They aint mean. They buy me everything I want, but its now-youve-got-it-go-play-with-it (Lee, Page 143). The quote from the novel is from when Dill was explaining to Scout about why he ran away from his parents. Dill explains that he doesnt feel loved by his parents because all his parent s just do is give Dill material possessions to keep him occupied, kinda spending time with him. What Dill really desires is not toys, but his parents time.Dills parents obviously love and care for Dill, but Dill is naive as to assume that his parents dont. Instead of Dill discussing his situation with his parents or asking to spend time with him, Dill, with his naive mind, runs away from his parents. The fact that Dill ran away from his parents is proof that he is naive. Jem gave a reasonable description of Boo Boo was about sex-and-a-half feet tall, judging from his tracks he dined on raw squirrels and any cats he could catch, thats why his hands were bloodstainedif you ate an animal raw, you could never wash the blood off.There was a long jagged scar that ran across his face what teeth he had were yellow and rotten his eyes popped, and he drooled most of the time (Lee, Page 13). Lets try to make him derive out, said Dill. Id like to see what he looks like (Lee, Page 13). Our f irst raid came to pass only because Dill bet Jem The antique Ghost against two Tom Swifts that Jem wouldnt get any farther than the Radley gate. In all his life, Jem had never declined a dare. Jem thought about it for three days.I suppose he loved honor more than hid head for Dill wore him down easily (Lee, Page 13). Youre scared, Dill said, the first day (Lee, Page 13). Aint scared, just respectful, said Jem (Lee, Page 13). But Dill got him the third day, when he told Jem that folks in Meridian certainly werent as afraid as the folks in Maycomb, that hed never seen such scary folks as the ones in Maycomb. That was enough to make Jem demo to the corner, where he stopped and leaned against the light-pole, watching the gate hanging crazily on its homemade hinge (Lee, Page 13).

Lakota woman

bloody shame Crow Dog was a Native American who wrote the book Lakota Woman as her account. She was a half-blood Sioux Indian. She was born on the year 1953 and lives at the Rosebud Sioux Indian Reservation located in the state of southwest Dakota. Her wedded name was bloody shame Brave Bird. She became Mary Crow Dog subsequently marrying Leonard Crow Dog, a medicine man and a spiritual leader of dumbfound or American Indians Movement who is also responsible in reviving the ancient Indian culture and ceremonies including the sacred alone outlawed Ghost Dance. To date, Mary Crow Dog has already one daughter named Jennifer and three sons including her first child Pedro and the two from her husband, which they named June Bug and Anwah. Lakota Woman was one of the two books authored by Mary Crow Dog.The book Lakota Woman started in a light manner where Mary begins to teach the readers around facts, which are not commonly known by many of us. Ethnically speaking and as taught by M ary, Sioux was divided into two parts the eastern and the western. Eastern Sioux was called Dakota, and the Western Sioux was the Lakota. It was almost the same except that Dakota battalion cannot pronounce the letter L.Technically, Lakota was a formation of a seven kindreds in Western Sioux also known as seven Sacred Campfires. hotshot of the tribes was the Brule Tribe or Sicangu in a Lakotan language, which is also known as Burned Thighs, and which Mary described as great warriors as they were during their times. In this tribe Mary Brave Bird belongs.It was in 1870 and 1880 when the Brule Tribe along with other Sioux were forced to put in a reservation camp and seek to throw new people living in an Americanized room including living without horses and hunting which Indians are born to live with.Lakota Woman was merely a full-blown and a first-hand account of Marys life. She collectively told everything she has experienced. She verbalise that it was really hard and difficult to survive in any reservation camp, especially growing women like her. She lived fatherless in a one-room cabin inside the Rosebud Reservation. There she stated stories of some Indian women close to her whom she known was undergone maltreatment and in beneficialice practices such as making them infertile against their will, beaten by their husbands or any men, brutality from American authorities, and the worse scenario of being murdered.Marys experiences in a Catholic boarding school were more of a distressing one rather than making happy memories. At her young age, she found out that being an Indian female is only a third-class human being. Inside the boarding school, teachers and nuns were trying these Indian girls to be Americanized, got whipped and beaten whenever found any disobedience practices in symmetry to their upright monastery standard, which includes practicing their native customs, values and language.Her adolescence was even worse especially when she decided to st ep out of the boarding school. She confessed her life was even more miserable as she got hooked into drinking and smoking, used drugs, victimized by poverty, racism and cruelness of the outside world. Mary was 14 then when she got raped. Age 17 when Mary ultimately had the best decision of joining the American Indian Movement where she participated right away in the 71-day long maimed Knee standoff at south-central Dakota. Then she unify Leonard Crow Dog.When her husband was arrested, Mary Crow Dog began empowering herself and made herself vigilant in her own way knowing that most Americans were trying to kill their old native traditions, religion and the ancient Indian heritage as a whole. Her active involvement in the AIM was getting stronger and stronger as she learned to be a everyday figure, delivering public speeches, informing the public about the mission and vision of their transaction. While assist Leonard endure his prison life, she ultimately established a new str ength as she traveled to gain support for their advocacy of fighting for the rights of American Indians.Although the Lakota woman was originally wrote as an autobiography book having personal accounts of Mary, it has to be consider one of the essential pieces of history volumes because it noted numerous historical facts and events that are important in American Indian history. For those who have scant knowledge about it, especially in this modern generation, reading Lakota Women would be a great help. Our interests in Indian stories should not just stop by having a fascination with it because there is more in reality, which contains the good and bad sides of it that we have to know and understand well.R E F E R E N C E SDog, Mary C. LakLakota womanIn 1953 at the Rosebud Indian Reservation in South Dakota, one of the most controversial American Indian authors was born. Mary Brave Bird (Sioux Indian name) which will be Mary Crow Dog in the future and to be an active activist against r acial discrimination by the American whites was the writer of the two famous books, Ohitika Woman and the Lakota Woman.Lakota Woman which had contributed to the Indians historical struggle against racial discrimination is the autobiography of Mary Crow Dog. Here she described in full details her stressful story as an Indian girl who defined herself as half-breed. Her father has the blood of an American white while her mother is a full-blooded Sioux woman. Unfortunately, Mary was looked down upon by whites and full blooded-Indians alike because whites despised the Indians and vice versa. In effect, she grew up without friends and a loner.Born by a Catholic mother, Mary was persuaded to be a believer of this faith. She grew up in an indecent neighborhood where men are jobless, drunk and worthless. Women are even treated like slaves by their husbands. Having the blood of a white American, she was brought to a Catholic boarding school to Americanize her but Mary described her school env ironment comparative to prisons of the Nazi concentration camps.She escaped from her school when she cannot book the harsh treatment and the grave discrimination against her. Being outside the campus she joined small groups of outsiders and found solace with their company. She learned how to live the hard way but ultimately also learn how to blend with the drifters and smoke marijuana. She also became an alcoholic and was involved with many troubles.Meeting a guy at the young age of 16, married and got pregnant eventually did not change her confused life. Mary was in constant motion and nowhere to go. She learned to live in the ghetto and had to be unfit with the harsh environment.Mary believed and felt that she was more of an Indian rather than partly an American because she was always treated as one. She became a member of a movement called the American Indian Movement (AIM) where he met her future husband, Leonard Crow Dog. Leonard was an Indian activist and a medicine man of m any villages. He is constantly on public speaking against racial discrimination of American Indians and spoke of their rights and speaking of injustices. AIM, however, was founded in 1968 with the goal of fighting the whites discriminatory justice and social system. Their movement was inspired from the revolutions of blacks against whites racism.Eventually, Marys amazement with Leonards eloquence got Marys interest and the two fell in love and finally married. exclusively Leonard was 12 years older than Mary and marrying him was not easy. The family of Leonard does not agree with the relationship because she was not a pure Indian by blood. Her family does not subscribe Leonard either because he is not a Christian. As they both fought for their love, eventually their love lead to marriage.One of the highlights of this book was the killing of one of the leaders of AIM by a white man in 1973. The murderer was not properly investigated and was quickly released without the proper trial . The American Justice system obviously was one-sided for the whites as in this case. The American Indians were outraged and riots were formed outside the court which led to destruction of properties, looting, and more fighting with the police. The struggle led to their grouping at the Wounded Knee. Wounded Knee was symbolical to the Sioux Indians as this is where in 1890, 300 Indian men, women and children were massacred by authorities fighting for their rights of their ancestral land.Mary participated in spite of being pregnant. She said she was ready to face any consequence if there would be an attack against them. Although the FBI and the federal government tried to stop their protest, their pleas for fair trial had not been heard. Riots again broke out which resulted in the killing of two Indians and several people injured including a white man.That same year, Leonard together with three of their members thought of bring their case to Washington to personally state their griev ance. But during Leonards absence, Marys uncle was murdered. Together with her son Pedro, she went to attend her uncles funeral. But on the way to her visit, the police snatched her, put her in prison and took her baby away. Leonard was outraged when he discovered about his wifes events. He immediately went back from his coming upon in Washington with an agreement in his hand and bailed out Mary out of prison.One of the uneventful things that Mary encountered was when she and her husband attended a ceremony for Indian rites in Washington. After the rite and about to go home, they found out that their gas tank was punctured and leaking. Two white men who obviously are the culprit were still there and even laughing at them.Confronting them, they began to attack Leonard, pulling his long hair and pushing him over. The commotion attracted a number of Indians and approached to help. Incidentally, some white men with their baseball bats appeared from nowhere and attacked all the Indians. Mary run to the police car parked nearby but instead of helping them they left and did not intervene. Later, they learned that one of the popular pastimes of these whites was to beat up Indians roaming in their area.Leonard was a decent man and popularly known as a medicine man with no interest in politics. But to the white community, he was an activist, a rebel and a dangerous person especially after his stint at the Wounded Knee. The federal government knew that he has a great influence over all the Indians in the reservation areas and would listen to him. Eventually, a criminal plot was staged against him and the whites influence in the federal court has led to his arrest. He was jailed with a 200,000 US clam fine.Mary had no option but to earn this coin through public speaking on behalf of her husbands imprisonment and the need to raise the money. Although money has been raised and he was freed, their house was burned down afterwards and attacks against AIM members resulted i n many killings. Until now, their cases have never been investigated (Wolf).Work CitedWolf, Dan. Lakota Woman. 2006. http//ericstoller.com/blog/2006/03/30/lakota-woman/.

Jersey Boys Musical Review Essay

Jersey Boys is closely the story of Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons. Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons (Four Seasons) made extraordinary symphony under the genre of rock and pop. The story took place keister in the 1950s when the Four Seasons were just starting up. Location of the tale is in New Jersey. The purpose of Jersey boys is to tell a tale more or less the hardships that Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons went through to make their music and also other personal and emotional feelings that were endured by the band. I enjoyed the play because the story and music is rattling interesting, droll and entertaining.I have seen the play before in Las Vegas and I must say that the cast in Las Vegas was much better than the one I adage on Thursday night. The reason is because it went more in-depth with the story and also played every single hit that the band had made. Also, the singers in Las Vegas were much more nonrecreational and sounded better because the actor portraying Frankie Valli did not have such a high pitched voice as the one in Curran Theatre. My favorite newspaper from the band was Beggin because the tempo and beat was so fast-paced and it was impressive how the band had bright comprise lights and fascinating dance moves.The music contained catchy rhythms and beats. Some notes would prolong out to make a nice vocal sound and some were just quick beats from the drums. The staging was very flashy because they had different stage lights with different colors for each part of the story. The costumes were very rise suited. They actors wore fancy suits and some had a fancy top hot to match their costume. I horizon the the whole play went fairly well and the audience seemed to really enjoy it. The music was pleasant and relaxing, the actors were spot on with no mistakes during the show and the crowd was very enthusiastic.The only part I had a slight problem about was the singer. His voice was way too high pitched and it didnt go well as a c over for the original compositions. My overall opinion would be a 4 out of 5 (4/5) because some of the compositions were not performed well and the music wasnt as smooth as the original compositions. The melody was virtuous which made the texture just as good. The rhythm was excellent along with the concurrence but there were a few not so good structure of the music so to speak. Overall I enjoyed the music and performance.The great things about the music were stated in the paragraph above but there are a few negatives to the casts performance. Although they used the same soprano and binary forms for the pieces, something about the way they did it just didnt go smoothly. I believe it was because of the tempo of the song. The tempo was slowed down a bit during some of the compositions. unless I really enjoyed my time at the musical with my mom. She seemed to really enjoy it as well. She had the same insights as I did about the musical.

Exercise 4 – Used Car

Used Car Exercise 4 Our recurrence is that we need a new fomite because ours was wrecked and the rental rail political machine we were given to use subsequently the wreck by the insurance company is about to expire, leaving us no mode of transportation. We argon facial expression into buying a used fomite from an advertisement in the local anesthetic paper. We werent legitimate if the vehicle was still available so we bring in called the owner and inquired. We do non know who we be buying the motor automobile from but we be interested in narrow the Volkswagen Jetta because of the advertisement in our local newspaper.Just from reading the car ad we deem that the car fits all our needs and we need to adopt water in touch with the owner fast in order to make veritable they dont exchange it to some unity else. In order not to have all our eggs in one basket, we have another vehicle prospect that can be purchased, but its an older 1995 landrover Cherokee for $3,800. 00 . We are hoping to get the Jetta for little than the Cherokee, or somewhere within our budget, but if we cant, we can everlastingly buy Cherokee for less.The issues that are most important are trying to come up with a require that exit satisfy thefiscal limitations we have while getting something that is worthwhile and will give us a return on our investment. The issues that are less important are probably taking a holiday at this point if it operator losing out on a car that will be just for us. The issues joined are trying to find a replacement soon as we will have to return the rental since the insurance company will no longer pay forit. Another linked issue is finding a vehicle within our price range so we dont have to take out a car loan that will most likely gestate high interest.Issues that are not linked are the two different kinds of vehicles, the Jetta and the Cherokee. Our interest on purchasing this vehicle is to acquire a means of transportation and fulfill an urgent necessity with a potent budget, because right now we are renting a car, and our lease agreement is about to expire. We do not plan to renew the lease because it is getting to a fault expensive for us therefore, time pressure and fiscal price are two important factors in our interest. To accomplish our goal of getting the transportation we need, we delegate to spend a minimum of $3,500. 0, depending on the vehicles conditions however, we are considering to pay for this car up to $4,100. 00 as gag law, with at least six month warranty from the marketer, and if the negotiation fails, our best alternative(BETNA) will be to purchase a 1999 Jeep Grand Cherokee, listed for $3,800. 00 despite its high mileage, the Jeeps is a US made vehicle of low maintenance and easy fix, with a good reputation in the vehicle market. Our preferred settlement would ideally be to purchase the Jetta since it seems it would fit into what we need for our job at this time.We are willing to care off on possibly a couple of nose candy dollars but we must see what the car needs, it could possiblly need new tires, brakes or other things where we could ask for some leeway to try to make unnecessary ourselves some money. By calling and getting to know the seller of the Jetta we realize that the other person isnt just trying to get rid of the car just for the sake of getting rid of it. They are selling this vehicle because they are in need of something else too. We are trying to access were they are access from, but they arent giving us much to go on, other than they need to sell the car.This political party is required to be involved in this process, they are the ones selling the car and if we can get it for less than they are asking, then it will require them to negotiate with us. At this point, we dont have too much information about other party we just know they have a vehicle they are trying to sell and we assume it is in order to purchase a newer vehicle. The issues they h ave will probably be trying to get the most money out of the Jetta they are trying to sell while we try to lower their asking prices and come to a mutual understanding.We emotional state that that priority for the seller is that they may have another vehicle in mind to purchase, or something that they need to purchase sooner quickly and they will probably need to sell the Jetta as soon as possible in order to make the other purchase. Our Interest is to get the most reliable vehicle that will help our needs for the least amount of money and at this point weve had no past relationships, if we settle on this deal well just need the title of the car signed over to us.No further relationships are really needed but would be beneficial in case we have any issues with the car and questions may arise. We pretend to use collaborative strategy, because we believe that we may need the seller in the next, whenever our financial situation gets better however, we dont want to lose money either, we want both parties to make something and establish from this point on a relationship.We believe that we could work together in the near future and this deal could come in to play in the future however, were thinking that the other squad may use a competitive strategy and try to make more money. Our research consisted of looking up the Kelly Blue Book Value on the car and getting an idea as to what the car is actually worth. We also wanted to see what the cost of the exhaust system since that component of the car means we will have to shell out more money soon, so we need to make sure that we get that out of the car cost to be able to pay for that expense in the future.We feel the other party has their interest in mind, they ultimately want what they want for their vehicle, but if we could throw in some elements to get the cost down, we will do so. Our tactics at first was to just get a feel for where they were and the urgency in which they needed to get rid of their car. We adde d in the element of beingness a single mother of 4 children and getting to work to pay for their food, having a safe vehicle for them to be in and a vehicle that would not cost so much to use.Our first negotiation took place face to face. We threw out the first offer and they countered, that is where our negotiations began. We had a few phone calls from the owner to neat up, but they failed due to other obligations. We decided communicating via email would be our best option. Since we knew we had another vehicle option we decided to start low and work them towards our goal. Getting the first offer out was slender to start the expectations. We started at $ 3,500,and gradually got higher.Since we were trying to accommodate money for a trip and a car we provided them details that werent true and we ended up getting the vehicle for $4,700. 00, a few hundred dollars more than we hoped to pay. We were trying to get the car and still take our trip that was planned in advance. But, by ha ving to spend a few hundred more for the Jetta then we originally planned it cost us our trip. We had to choose what was more important our trip, or having a reliable car and having a reliable car in order to be able to go to work, live and function in life was the alley we chose.

Quiz About the Great Gatsby Essay

1. Who is The Great Gatsby narrated by? What do you know about his family background, and why does he com e to New York? What business is he in? Nick Carraway, the novels narrator, comes from a well-to-do Minnesota family. He travels to New York to learn the bunch business there he becomes involved with both Gatsby and the Buchanas. 2. What is the difference between East Egg and tungsten Egg?East Egg East Egg is the fashionable group of social elite, also cognise as emeritus money or people who have always had money. tomcat and Daisy represent the old establishment, having lived the wealthy upper class for most of their lives. West Egg West Eggers are the impudently rich. The people who have worked hard and earned their money in a short period of time, sometimes by bootlegging (Gatsby). 3. Describe gobbler Buchanan. How old is he? What was he famous for at college? How do you know that he is a racist? Tom Buchanan is 30 years old and hes a former Yale football player who comes from an immensely wealthy midwestern United Statesern family. His racism and sexism are symptomatic of his deep insecurity about his elevated social position. He tried to interest others in a book called The Rise of the Coloured Empires.4. Where did Nick start meet Tom? How does Nick meet Gatsby? Tom Buchanan Nick first met Tom at Yale University, and when Nick heads over to East Egg to have dinner party with Daisy, his second cousin, he meets Tom again. Gatsby Nick goes to his first party at Jay Gatsbys after receiving an invitation via Gatsbys chauffer. Suddenly a man tells Nick that he has to come with him. The man brings Nick to Gatsby, in his augury during the party. 5. Where did Daisy first meet Gatsby? Why didnt she wait for him and marry Tom instead? Gatsby and Daisy meet themselves for the first time in Louisville, where he was stationed at Camp Taylor as a young officer in front being shipped overseas during World War I.Gatsby had to go to war and left Daisy at home. S he once told him that the reasonableness she didnt wait for him is because rich girls dont marry poor boys. Daisy was flattered by Toms generous gifts. 6. How do you know that Daisy and Toms marriage is troubled? She and Tom were in honor at one point as well, and he also had the money to provide her with the lifestyle she was accustomed to. Tom cheated on Daisy by having an affair with Myrthle. Tom hasnt been faithful from the very beginning. 7. What are Daisys ambitions for her daughter? Why?Daisy hopes that her daughter once result be a little fool, because then she will never have to suffer the harsh realities of the real world. 8. What kind of background does Gatsby come from? How did he mystify his riches? He was born in North Dakota to an impoverished farming family. Gatsby made his fortune by means of criminal activity. Gatsby had a mentor from whom he learned the things that rich people do, how the live. Gatsby was a bootlegger and sell illegal alcohol. 9. Give reasons why Daisy doesnt just leave Tom and break up her marriage. Daisy has a child with Tom and they also had a pleasant and wealthy life. Tom buys Daisy a lot of jewellery. Tom is also a Bully, so Daisy fears Tom. Above all, Daisy fears a scandal.Daisy doesnt love Gatsby as much as he loves her. To Daisy, Gatsby is an affair. 10. Give reasons why Gatsbys dream to get Daisy back doesnt work. Daisy loved him, moreover she wanted to live with Tom. She didnt want to leave him. It would be a scandal for Daisys family if they knew how Jay earns his money. 11. relieve what the green light at the end of Daisys dock symbolic representationizes to Gatsby. The green light is a symbol for the hope and promise of the future. Its like a guiding light to Daisy. 12. What does Mr. Klipspringer represent?Hes not a true friend, he is a shiftless freeloader who almost lives at Gatsbys mansion. though he takes advantage of Gatsbys wealth and generosity, he fails to attend his funeral. 13. Why does Nick re turn to the Midwest at the end of the novel? After his friend Gatsby died, Nick wanted to return to the Midwest. He was stir at the behaviour of the East Eggers. To Nick the people of the Midwest are more honest and down-to-earth. 14. condone the symbolism of Dr. T.J. Eckleburg.Its a symbol of God seeing everything, even Myrtles affair. It is a metaphor for God.

Quantitative Methods for Finance and Investment Essay

University of Bristol School of Economics, pay and Management QUANTITATIVE METHODS FOR FINANCE AND investment funds (EFIMM005) Review Questions Question 1 Concepts a. Dene a stochastic process. Give an example in Finance of a quantity that net be modelled as a stochastic process. b. Dene a unmoving stochastic process. c. Consider a stochastic process Yt , t = 1, .., T . Dene the partial autocorrelation operate (pacf) associated to this process. d. Explain the dierence between estimator and estimate. e. Let Ut , t = 1, .., T be a incriminate zero sporty noise process. What is the value of pacf at lag 2 for the process Yt = .5Yt1 + Ut ? f. Explain the dierence between the autoco naval division function and the sample autocovariance function.Question 2 Application The capital asset determine model (CAPM) can be written as E(Rjt Rmt , Rf t ) = Rf t + j (Rmt Rf t ), where Rjt is the net return of security j at period t, Rmt is the return on a market portfolio proxy, and Rf t is the return on a risk-free proxy. The coecient j is the CAPM of import for security j. Suppose that you have estimated j by ordinary least squares and found that the estimated value was 1.37 with modular deviation 2.6. based on 3665 observations. a. A city analyst has told you that security j closely follows the market, in the sense that security j is equally risky, on average, to the market portfolio. Perform a 5% signicance take test of hypothesis to determine whether data support the analysts claim. b. Are hypotheses tested concerning the value of j or its estimated values?Question 3 Techniques Consider the moving average process Yt = t + 1 t1 + 12 t12 with t T a mean zero white noise process with variance 2 0. t=0 a. Calculate the mean of Yt . b. Calculate the variance of Yt . c. Calculate the autocovariance function of Yt T . t=a T =120 d. Assume that yt t=1 represents the monthly tons of ice cream sold in the UK between Oct. 2001 and Oct. 2012. What type of dependence can the term 12 t12 capture? 1