Similarities Between Julius Caesar And Gaius Marius

â€Å"I came, I saw, I conquered.† These words embody both Caesar’s demeanor towards his triumph at the Battle of Zela (47 B.C) as well as Gaius Marius demeanor towards his triumph at the Battle of Aquae Sextiae (102 B.C). Andrew Jackson, the 7th President of the United States, will later embody the spirit of Julius Caesar and Gaius Marius throughout his military campaign in the War of 1812 as well as his presidency (1829 -1837). President Jackson’s unprecedented imprint upon American politics and the presidency has exposed viewers to analyze few similarities portrayed from both Julius Caesar and Gaius Marius. Although the similarities portrayed between President Jackson and Gaius Marius were immense, based on their executive power, the similarity between Julius Caesar and Andrew Jackson were substantially greater. To illustrate, Jackson’s rise to sovereignty, like Caesar and Marius, began in the military where he was positioned as a war General and gradually rose to a politician, stimulating innovation and reform. Throughout his rise to politics, he advanced a new vision of the President as the direct representative of the people make him the Consul Caesar of his time. Andrew Jackson became the advocate of the people, and was commonly considered by historians to have been one of the nation’s most vigorous and powerful chief executives. During the 1800’s, America directed towards, â€Å"Suffrage [expanding allowing] all white men with the abolition of property ownership and taxShow MoreRelatedHow Caesar s Political Career1836 Words   |  8 Pagespolitical divisions between the optimates and the populares. A supporter of the optimates, Lucius Cornelius Sulla led a life, which was marked with many military successes in the Jugurthine and Mithridatic Wars, a prominent role in a series of civil wars against Gaius Marius, and his ultimate rise to the office of dictator following a final coup. Julius Caesar, a nephew of Marius, descended from a noble family who were ardent supporters of the populares. Like Sulla, Caesar was greatly renownedRead More Civil War on Pompey Essay3695 Words   |  15 PagesIn 49 B.C., Gaius Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon with his army, declaring civil war on Pompey and his supporters in the Senate. In this paper, I will explore the political and legal issues that pushed Caesar to the brink. Looking at Rome’s political struggles at the dawn of the first century B.C., it becomes apparent that the groundwork for Caesar’s Republic shattering revolt was lain down by Marius and Sulla. To be more specific, the stage was set by the class struggles between the AristocracyRead MoreTelevision Show Keeping Up With The Kardashians3868 Words   |  16 Pageseither defended or prosecuted important cases. Julius Caesar also gained his fame in the court system. Caesar was prosecuting two men that were followers of Sulla, who was an influential leader. This is not the only connection that can be distinguished between the Kardashians and Julius Caesar. Kim Kardashian, although she was already well known at the time, increased her fame even more by marrying Kanye West in May of 2014 (Stephens). Julius Caesar, similarly, married Cornelia, who was the daughterRead MoreComparision of Alexander the Great and Augustus Ceasar2530 Words   |  10 PagesAlexander thought of himsel f as the son of Greek god Zeus. Augustus was the first emperor of Rome who brought peace and stability to the Roman Empire. He was the grandson of the sister of Julius Caesar. His original name was Caius Octavius, but when he was adopted by the Julian gens (44 B.C.) he became Caius Julius Caesar Octavianus (Octavian). He was named (given the title) Augustus later when he became the First Emperor or Rome by the senate. Augustus was seen as both a military leader as well as a religious

Interview With George Phillips, A Professor At The...

I conducted an interview with George Phillips, a sociology professor at the University of Central Florida. I held the interview on Tuesday, April 12, 2016 at Noon. I chose to interview him because my topic deals with the interactions of people and studying their social behaviors which is a sociology topic. I emailed him to ask him for a time to interview and then set up the interview for a time while I wasn’t working and that he said would work for him. I made sure I had permission to record the interview and then sat down with him to get his responses. I asked 5 questions on his opinions of student’s social habits in relation to video streaming. We discussed how he has seen student’s social lives change because of the availability of†¦show more content†¦The Class of 2019 page has over 9,000 members and since it requires a knights mail account it guarantees these participants are students. The Greek life groups also are all students which gave me even m ore results that I needed. I received 99 responses but 2 responses were from outside my target demographic so I used the tool Survey Monkey offers to delete their responses. I had ten questions that I asked. I asked their age so that I could decide if they were the right demographic for my study. I asked what video streaming websites they belonged to or used. I also asked the hours a day they spend on television and the hours they spend with friends, as well as if they watched television alone or with a friend. I asked if they watched similar television shows to their friends, as well as if they would prefer to go out with a friend or to watch Netflix. Finally I asked what device they use to watch Netflix along with how many episodes in a row they usually watch. I wanted easy quick questions so that I didn’t take up too much of my respondent’s time. I included an â€Å"Other† option because some of the questions I knew could have answers I was unaware of. The in formation I gathered in the survey was to see what college student’s television streaming habits were like so that I could analyze them. Strengths and Limitations I had a few limitations with my survey. For a while I struggled to get responses until I asked my friends to post the link in their Greek

Working During Holidays Free Essays

Holiday season is here again and retail hours for many businesses both big and small are being extended. stores for â€Å"dragging millions of workers away from family and friends. † The hard truth is that, whether any of us is working on Thanksgiving or not, business is tight these days and the pressures to get work done with fewer resources continue to mount. We will write a custom essay sample on Working During Holidays or any similar topic only for you Order Now ethics or a lack of them isn’t always easy to see. Two people might undertake the exact same course of action and attain the exact same result. One had fully honorable intentions, while the other had a devious plan from the start. It’s not easy, and maybe impossible, to see into the mind of another person and evaluate his true goals and motivations. Exploiting Employees When stores open, they are taking their employees away from their families. I personally feel that the stores are putting the dollar ahead of the welfare of their employees. When stores open, they are taking their employees away from their families no matter what day it is. If this is a problem in itself, any employment outside the home (and sometimes inside) is an ethical issue. And if â€Å"taking employees away from their families† is equivalent to â€Å"putting the dollar ahead of the welfare of their employees,† then it’s always doing so, whether or not it happens to be the fourth Thursday in November or the Friday after that. People who choose not to work on Thanksgiving will be hurt if they lose their jobs or miss some of the biggest commissions/tips of the year by not going. If working on Thanksgiving is a deal breaker to you, get a different job. If it’s not, then just get on with it and stop griping about it. It’s like moaning and groaning every time a baby needs a diaper change. It’s just part of the deal. Common Good While most agree that businesses need to make a profit, the concept that businesses exist to increase shareholder value is not unanimous. It has been claimed that businesses exist to serve the common good. This is a foundation of socialism, where profit is seen as exploitation of the workers. In America, there has been a push by people such as Ralph Nader, to establish a charter for corporations that would allow government oversight to confirm that corporations are indeed serving the common good. Under this system, if a corporation is determined to be detrimental to the common good, its charter could revoked and the corporation would be forced to stop operating. The problem thus far is that we have two seemingly opposite theories for the role of a business. Using our operating definition of ethics, the ethics for an organization whose role is to make profit are different from the ethics of an organization whose role is to serve the common goal. For a solution, we need a method that combines these conflicting goals into a single (although possibly complex) role. opinions are going to vary on the pros and cons of extended business hours. How strapped for cash are you? Where does your family live? What’s your relationship with them like? How sentimental are you about specific holiday rituals? People will differ. This Thanksgiving there are going to be people with jobs at the Gap who wish they weren’t working Thanksgiving but feel that they’d lose their jobs if they weren’t willing to take an extra shift. There are also going to be people with jobs at Radio Shack who wish they could earn some extra cash and get out from under that credit card debt. How to cite Working During Holidays, Papers

Decision Making Under Uncertainty and Risky †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Decision Making Under Uncertainty and Risky. Answer: Introduction: The said report discusses about Boltt, an Indian company founded recently by a brother sister duo from the capital city of the country i.e. Delhi. The world is running behind staying fit and thereby are seen spending huge amount in the gyms, yoga and such other fitness centres. The siblings joined together to manufacture technology by the name of Boltt which makes such a technology which is wearable and have the ability of tracking ones fitness status along with the facility of AI (artificial intelligence). The technology is so different that it gives the user real time guidance on health and such other fitness choices (CNBC. 2016). Even though the technology is different and attractive, yet it needs to reach many people across the globe and not only nationally. Thereby the starters had certain objectives in mind while floating the said business. The report details those objectives which are a part of most of the start up companies, specially one like this which supplies such unique products. Every start up company first and foremost aims at surviving in the competition. As per renowned statistics, it is concluded that many companies tend to shut down within a span of a year, thereby it can rightly be said that Boltts first and foremost aim as a start up would have been to ensure its sustainability in the market. The only solution for a business to exist and survive is to achieve break even i.e. a situation of a no profit no loss. Thus the sales a business makes and the revenue it earns is able to at least suffice the expenditure it has to make. Thereby growth and profitability depends upon whether a business is being able to survive successfully in the short term. Boltt Sports Technologies being a private company has one of the major objectives as maximisation of profits like all such other companies. Further to this the biggest competition it has is with the gyms and yoga centres. Thereby it needs to hit that part of the crowd who are a diehard fitness fan. The kind of technology it uses definitely calls for a lot of investment and thereby the cost of the product would also be high, Hence it is clear that the company mainly caters to a very niche segment and hence may not be able to reach all the houses. The owners main aim would be to make maximum profit out of the same since it is first of its kind and before any other company starts to supply such a kind of a product at a cheaper rate, they should do differential pricing and earn the maximum out of it. Before the product becomes common and available and supplied by many vendors, the actual founder has the opportunity to make maximum profits out of it, thereby reducing the prices as per the demand in the market. Further they would need money to re-invest and produce better products day in and day out, therefore one of the most crucial objective is maximisation of profits for the re-investment purpose as well. Only profit maximisation is not the sole aim for any company. Profit can be maximised by selling a combination of products wherein some would yield higher percentage of profit as compared to some other which would yield a lower profit. Quantification of the sales is also important for any start up company as they cannot afford to stock up their products for long. Thereby in order to achieve greater profits, a company will have to ensure to achieve higher sales on a year on year basis. Hence if the sales are maximised then it would help to keep the competitors also away. Making profit maximisation as the sole aim or objective of the business may not help a new business venture survive for long. There another major objective as is discussed above is to gain maximum share in the market. Turnover is a major survival strategy and to grab a major share in the market is a must else the start up companies would attain stagnancy once the old players come into the competition even if the product supplied by Boltt is unique. It may happen that initially in order to gain a huge share in the market and increase the sales, the company may have to compromise with regards its goal of profit maximisation, however the same would be only for a short duration. Revenue maximisation as a goal would help Boltt gain a huge customer base and build up loyalty, enable to keep away competition, achieve economies of scale by keeping the price low but ensuring the sales is high quantity wise and if they look towards pursuing revenue maximisation, then it would automatically lead to greater profits in the near future (Pettinger 2012). Thus on a concluding note, it is understood that every company has various objectives which it fulfils in order to achieve maximum profit and increase its sales to the highest numbers. These objectives undergo changes as and when a company grows but however, when it comes for a start up company the goals and objectives are no different. Most of them are established with the main objectives of maximising profit, sales and revenue and to ensure to develop such strategies so as to survive. Boltt is also adopting the same methodologies for increasing its share in the market, thereby maximising profits. Financial modelling is an important part of the financial theory. These models helps various economists and theorists reasonably and rationally segregate and sort out complex manacles of cause and effect and manipulate among the several intermingling essentials in an economy. Thereby it can be said that economic models are nothing else but a cut down portrayal of truth, intended to yield theory about the financial performance that can be experienced. The past years have made the economists formulate various models of the economy, however there are a range of deviations also associated with it, however two of the most basic ones are Classical and Keynesian model. He former one as the name connotes is an age old theory and the latter one is the latest one named after the renowned economist, John Maynard Keynes. The second model came into existence after the great depression of 2008. The Classical Model, was there into existence and most renowned pre great depression period. As per the said model, the economy is a free flowing one and the price, cost and wages of people are freely adjustable with regards the ups and downs of the demand over a period of time. Thus it can be said that the theory spells out the fact that when the economy is at a boom, the prices and wages shoot up also and when the economy is not performing well, then the wages and prices fall down freely adjusting themselves to the downfall. The said model assumes that in an economy there lies no unemployment thereby all the resources are being used at its full power. The economists mainly conclude that if the competition is given a free hand to work, then the economy will robotically incline in the direction of full employment (study.com. 2016). As per this model, which came into being after the Great Depression, the renowned economist John Maynard Keynes concluded that the economy does not always provide employment to all those who are eligible to work. Thus the economy can never be at equilibrium and it can be less or above its full capacity. At the time of the Great Depression, many people lost their jobs, business houses had to shut down and the economy was working at a capacity which was much below its actual potential. Then the economist Keynes noticed that the economy was not correcting itself by self and the government and other monetary bodies should join hands to lift up the economy. Thus as epr this model it is clear that the economy can be strong as well as weak at times. One of the most sought after real life example of the said model is that it had inspired the former President of USA, Barack Obama for saving the falling economy of the country by ding a lot of government expenditure (Davidson Blumberg, 2009). Although his ideas were criticised by many, but he was the one behind contemplating the fact that for any economy to grow, the support of the government is a must. The talent of the management comes to light at the time of depression or when the business is not doing well and how they make strategic decisions under such unwarranted scenarios and ensure maximum utilisation of resources. In the particular scenario, Nakheel had been able to reap in considerable profits even if the real estate market conditions were not at a boom simply because the management had taken adequate decisions under such bad scenarios as well which led to the maximisation of the available resources. Decision making is an integral part of every step a person takes, be it personal or professional. Thereby how and in what conditions decisions are behind made is very important to understand. When the economy is turbulent, then the business houses lack availability of various data which would help them take decisions in an informed manner, thereby concluding that the scenario is risky and uncertain as well. When asked how they could manage the same, the managers replied that they used certain decision analysis tools which helped them to deal with the risks and the uncertainties. When a decision maker does not possess exact data or there lies a risk in the data revealed, this is the condition when he has incomplete data about the available resources but at the same time has a decent idea of the likelihood of results for every substitute. Thus under such a condition, the managers must calculate various probabilities attached with every substitute available basis the data and the experience of the manager (Taghavifard et.al. 2009). However, the complexity of the economic environment has increased to such an extent that many of the decisions are taken in a state of uncertainty. The decision maker is not well versed of the data, the attached risks and the outcome of various substitutes. During such a scenario, various decision making tools help the managers to take decisions under risk and u ncertainty. The management in the particular scenario would have done various analysis before arriving at a particular decision. The size and nature of the risk associated with a decision should be analysed in detail. It takes into account both quantitative as well as qualitative risk measurement, supervision and communication and there extend to the managers with a tool which helps in better accepting of the threat and the reimbursement associated with the proposed course of action. The resolution is a clear representation of trade-off between the risk and the payback connected with a specific way of achievement under circumstances of ambiguity. Another very successful method is that by making a decision tree. It calls for drawing the various solutions graphically and the expected results and risks attached to it. This methodology of making decisions during times of risk and uncertainty helps the management take the most apt decision thereby enabling them to maximise profits during law seasons as well (Rawat, 2017). Thereby it can be rightly said that the decision analysis tools are of great help during the time of risk and uncertainty as it was to Nakheel who even when the real estate business was at its low, earned huge profits. In the said approach of making decisions, the various substitutes to a particular situation are plotted in detail and the analysis of the same would help arriving at a decision which is best for both the up-front as well as the downstream decisions. References: CNBC. (2016). Boltt Sports Technologies, India. Retrieved from https://www.cnbc.com/2016/11/17/10-of-the-worlds-hottest-start-ups-in-2016.html#slide=10 Pettinger,T. (2012). Profit V Revenue Objectives for firms. Retrieved from https://www.economicshelp.org/blog/5318/economics/profit-v-revenue-objectives-for-firms/ Davidson,A. Blumberg,A. (2009). Obama Gives Keynes His First Real-World Test. Retrieved from https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=100018973 Study.com. (2016). The Keynesian Model and the Classical Model of the Economy. Retrieved from https://study.com/academy/lesson/the-keynesian-model-and-the-classical-model-of-the-economy.html Rawat,S. (2017). Decision-Making under Certainty, Risk and Uncertainty. Retrieved from https://www.businessmanagementideas.com/decision-making/decision-making-under-certainty-risk-and-uncertainty/3371 Taghavifard, M.T., Damghani,K.K., Moghaddam,R.T. (2009). Decision making Under Uncertainty and Risky Situations. Retrieved from https://www.soa.org/library/monographs/other-monographs/2009/april/mono-2009-m-as09-1-damghani.pdf

Book Review Freakonomics

Introduction When one hears of a winner of the John Bates Clark Medal, the first thought that comes to mind is that of someone that came up with a new economics theory or a formulae that has helps economists solve a problem that has been in great economist minds long enough to make him deserve the medal.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Book Review: Freakonomics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Contrary to this, and unexpected of such a decorated economist, Steven Levitt represents a new form of economist. Though armed with economics honors in form of an undergraduate degree from Harvard and a Doctorate of Philosophy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Levitt admits to knowing very little as far as economic theories and monetary equations are concerned. The only thing that has propelled him to such a status in the economics world is the fact that he does not look at the world from the same perspective as everyone else. Levitt’s third eye has allowed him to spot economic anomalies and strategize from such experiences. This third eye of his led to his getting requests from economically established individuals to solve anomalies, and even from non-economic individuals and groups that know they are missing a certain view of the duties they claim responsibility for. The Excellent Science that is Economics Economics is the science that defines the sequential processes involved from the production of utility goods and services to the end consumer. â€Å"Levitt considers economics a science with excellent tools for gaining answers, but has a shortage of interesting questions† (Levitt Dubner 6). The whole economics fraternity is more than glad to have him present all the interesting questions entailed in economics. Economics as a science breaks down market phenomenon in order to explain what triggers certain reactions in the market, and how to get the best out of these rea ctions. Economists do not need all the interesting questions in the world, as even simple questions can help solve the biggest of problems (52). The Hidden Side of Everything Steven Levitt has used this phrase to refer to the basic things that go on around people, but ignorance or a bad situation has redirected their view to things that seem to be the bigger picture, but are insignificant to their causes. They find themselves looking away and slowly letting go of their dreams as they brace themselves to survive the reality that is life. This leads the reader to a short story narrated by the author. Consider Paul Feldman, a successful agricultural economist who always wanted to liberate the world from hunger, but ended up working for the US Navy (51). Mr. Feldman had a very well paying job but ended up quitting it to follow his ‘destiny’; and it paid off. His brand new supply chain around Washington DC ended up with him earning as much as he made during his tenure at the white-collar job that he was not supposed to quit.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The book could therefore be advocating for all those with their inner voices pointing towards a different direction in life to go against all odds and engage in what they think will reveal the best of their abilities. Like Paul Feldman, they should be cautious and take their time to analyze the venture they are going to undertake, identify challenges and strategies that will manage them before giving up what they have, lest they find themselves chasing after the wind. Skepticism Freakonomics as a guide was a book designed to encourage skepticism in economics as a whole. This, backed by claim that it is human nature to cheat, raises questions on the integrity of economics, the science. The author goes ahead to give the example of sumo-wrestlers, schoolteachers and day-care parents who engage in cheating as a day-to-day vice (51). Sadly, the rest of the world does not follow with this. The algorithm used to detect this cheating, though perfect, did not result in likewise ‘perfect’ outcomes (DiNardo 30). If everyone turns into a skeptic of all concepts that run the procedures involved in economics, arts or even in medicine, the world would then run out of the individuals that take passion in the work they do. There would be no more believers left of the earth as everyone will be positioned to ask questions instead of addressing the faults they see in humanity. Enron presents another form of skepticism in form of white-collar crime. According to Levitt Dubner, this is a form of silent crime with no direct victim, and hence the reason why the day ends with a richer employee, but no suspect (53). Yet another form of cheating that goes overlooked if left unchecked. The problem here is that the system becomes a victim of its own perfection as the experts who desi gn it and run it reap off its loopholes in broad daylight. Incentives It is true that incentives play a major role in motivation. The new generation presents with it major and unique economic constraints. These new breed of challenges have led to people stretching every available opportunity of making an extra buck. This involves coming up with new forms of business, hence the taking root of such services as mortgage and stock brokerage, real estate agents and even escort services. These individuals have specialized and mastered the relevant activities involved in the industries in that they know how to maximize the value for your money so to speak (13). Unfortunately, Levitt does not share the sentiment. He goes ahead to tag them as humans like everyone else who respond to incentives (14). This may be true, though their expertise has helped in saving time taken in the hustle of looking for a buyer and without experience in the field.Advertising We will write a custom report sa mple on Book Review: Freakonomics specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It plays out as a strategy that catches two fish with single bait. This is because the owner goes ahead to conduct his/her other side business, while the broker/agent finds the buyer. Realistically, compared to that made within the same period by the seller, the money used to pay up the agent/broker may be significantly low. Economists, among other experts should, and in fact do recognize and appreciate the challenges brokers and agents go through in order to come to terms with clients who already have in them the mindset that all brokers are just out to rip them off of their money. Levitt actually does acknowledge that these experts are human (14). The authors should give the reasons why they expected to respond in a different style to the same challenges faced by other workers in other fields. Freakonomics versus Economics The author clearly lacks the scholarly enthu siasm associated with the products of the higher education institutions he attended. For a graduate from Harvard and a doctor of Philosophy from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, he does not represent the honors as expected. He views the economic world of economics with utter skepticism and his wish is for the world to follow behind his steps loyally. In a world rigged with, among other economic forces, inflation and diversity from competition, it demands a keen view of the trends the market takes on every product. It may be unclear to him when he points out that the economic boom in the late 1990s did not help in reducing the rate of murders being committed across the States (11). As much as it reduced the number of potential criminals being born, abortion also reduced the number of great achievers and potential leaders who would have influenced positively and jolted this world to greater heights in all fields. As much as Levitt views this as a success as much as criminolo gy is concerned, it has done more harm than good as compared to crime retention and the good that is humanity. Conclusion After a complete analysis of the ideology behind the book, a reasonable and crucial point to be noted, is that â€Å"Levitt’s only real message is to encourage confrontational questions† (Berg 2005) as these nee d not economist answers, but endless arguments that lead to outright criticism of what economics stands for as a science. It has reached a point that whether we embrace it or not, economics and everything that it comes with plays a major role in the everyday life of the average citizen, regardless of social class or age.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Berg, Chris. Why do drug dealers live with their mums? IPA (Institute of Public Affairs) Review, June 2005, 57 2): 46. Print. DiNardo, John. A Review of Freakonomics. New York: New York Times, 2005. Print. Levitt, Steven. Dubner, Stephen. Freakonomics: A Rogue Economist Explores the Hidden Side of Everything. New York: HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2005. Print. This report on Book Review: Freakonomics was written and submitted by user Milania Bartlett to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Critical Summary The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension Evidence from eye movements by Yang, Suiping, Hsuan

Critical Summary The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension Evidence from eye movements by Yang, Suiping, Hsuan Introduction Language is said to be a system that tries to place meaning to a word, but for people to agree on a word in relation to the intended meaning, then there must be the universal acceptance of the intended meaning (Hu, 2001, cited in Yang, Suiping, Hsuan-Chih Rayner, 2009). Semantics is the study of signifiers in relation to their denotation. It forms the basis of communication and language in totality.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Critical Summary: â€Å"The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from eye movements† by Yang, Suiping, Hsuan-Chih and Rayner specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Traditionally, semantics ware meant to express sense, but through the development and metamorphosis of language, it has developed to inculcate different linguistic units like synonym, metonym, hyponym and other compounds. In linguistic terms, semant ics try to define and explain how meaning is able to attach itself within the smaller units to form chunks of sentences that have a logical meaning. On the other hand, syntax is defined as the study of the structure, arrangement and the principle that governs the sentence structure of any particular language. With respect to semantic and syntactic use in aid of communication through language, it is prudent to understand that in sentence comprehension, there are two basic formats. This includes modular or syntax -first model which constitute psycholinguistic model. In syntactic-first model, it is assumed that people base their language on a syntactic structure that is built around word category, which is independent of their thematic role. Comparing the early Indo-European languages in terms of word processing, what comes out significantly is the presence of event related potential (ERP). This comes out as a result of the study undertaken to identify between semantics and syntactic w hich comes first in their integration to form a temporal structure (Friederuici Kotz, 2003 cited in Yang, Suiping, Hsuan-Chih Rayner, 2009). In Chinese, the EPR is non existent in the mandarin language. Comparison between Chinese language and Anglo-Germanic languages To be better placed to understand the difference in semantic and syntactic in the Chinese language as compared to other Aglo-Germanic languages, the survey conducted by Friederuici and Kotz gave significant disparities in the mandarin construction of words.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More According to the survey, it was established that through ERP experiments where a table was constructed, ba was the construction with regard to ending a sentence with a verb acting as the aspect marker. Under normal schematics, a sentence would adhere to the SVO construction, but this order defied this structure t o form S ab OV structure.s In the sentence, the ba† comprises of a subject, thus making it to be a noun phrase (NP1). If the ba is accompanied by an obligatory noun, phase NP and an article, then it forms what is regarded as the NP2. In an ideal sentence structure, this is followed by a verb phrase which consists of a verb and any constitute that may be said to be X, which is based on the experiment aspect marker. In the above paragraph, it is crucial to mention that the article under review allowed for the experiment to showcase an error which was in itself overt because it had violated the syntactic structure. A good example was when looking at a verb semantic condition like cai. Normally, a verb in any indo-European and some Anglo-Germanic languages would be easily integrated semantically to the auxiliary sentence structure or what may be referred to as the first clause. However, the Chinese verb cai fails to integrate as it already breaks the semantic and syntactic rule in the selection requirement. Taking another angle in semantic and syntactic role in understanding the comprehension of Chinese, the Chinese alphabetic is of keen interest in relation to its orthography in a distinctive and different manner. Unlike most languages where their alphabets are characterized by words and letters, the Chinese language alphabets are generally characterized by symbols, which are characters. Thus, in the Chinese language an alphabet may have either a single character or multiple characters. In the case of an alphabet having more than one character, then it is considered a morpheme. This means that the intended meaning of a word in a sentence in Chinese is not precise, and thus open for interpretation based on the context. Earlier on, in the discussion based on the EPR experiment, it was realized that the Chinese language in terms of verbs structure lacks inflectional markers or indicators. The effect of this is that in a Chinese sentence, it is difficult to tel l whether the verb matter is in the present or past tense.Advertising We will write a custom critical writing sample on Critical Summary: â€Å"The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from eye movements† by Yang, Suiping, Hsuan-Chih and Rayner specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Also, for a sentence to be complete, there must be a subject-verb agreement to give it congruency, but since the Chinese language lacks the inflectional markers, then for a reader to be able to comprehend the meaning of a word, then he/she has to rely on morphological aspects or cues. The above findings have brought about a lot of debate on the ability of comprehending the Chinese language, both oral and written, with some scholars arguing that since meaning in the Chinese language is not precise as explained above, comprehension of the Chinese language cannot be immediate as in other languages. The refore, a slower model should be adopted while reading to reduce the ambiguity of the words in the context. These scholars have gone further to say that the Chinese language in regard to relative timing lacks a well-defined semantic and syntactic process through which readers can be able to understand the idea of syntactic properties unlike English readers who basically have the idea (Aaronson Ferres, 1986, cited in Yang, Suiping, Hsuan-Chih Rayner, 2009). The other school of thought argues that the Chinese language has its own syntactic rules that are independent of the semantic, but unlike other languages are flexible. Effects of syntactic and semantic positioning In recent studies on syntactic and semantic in relation to the Chinese language, researchers have diversified their focus to applying the violation paradigm to understand the comprehension process of the Chinese language (Chen 1999, cited in Yang, Suiping, Hsuan-Chih Rayner, 2009). According to Chen, understanding Chi nese will always be difficult as syntactic violation will always be a hindrance to semantic processing. The violation paradigm was later revised to come up with a new standard referred to as pure syntactic violation (Ye, Luo, Friederici, Zhou, 2006; Yu Zhang, 2008, cited in Yang, Suiping, Hsuan-Chih Rayner, 2009). The essence of these new standards was arrived at through the elimination from a noun phrase, a noun object. This altered the structure of a propositional-object phrase from Chen model. As a result of this attraction, the new model comes up with four sets of sentences that were correct, incorrect, semantically incorrect, or syntactically incorrect. In terms of timing and position, the study came up with findings that suggested that between syntactic and semantic processes, syntactic appeared earlier.Advertising Looking for critical writing on linguistics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Although this study shed a lot of light into the study of semantic and syntactic role in the comprehension of the Chinese language, there are demerits to it, especially in regard to the syntactically incorrect sentence. For instance, in the sentence, the study had omitted a noun from the prepositional object-phrase structure which resulted to semantic disruption. There are a lot of effects in semantic and syntactic violation. These effects are as a result of the use of the ERP technique that in itself gives a high resolution in terms of temporal details. However, it is worth noting that although the ERP technique can reveal a lot of information in regard to the brain activities with relation to semantic and syntactic manipulation, it offers very little information about brain activity in terms of information uptake (comprehension) of written language. This has resulted to analyst raising two questions. First, is it possible for syntactic and semantic processing to occur concurrently ? Secondly, can syntactic and semantics processes be separated while reading online? At the present time, no clear-cut answers can be given in regard to the two questions. Conclusion In conclusion, it is worth noting that the various violations mentioned in this paper in regard to Chinese in terms of eye movement can only be placed squarely as being attributed by syntactic processing rather than the divergent degree of semantic violation. In this sense, if the violation effect is as a result of SEM+SYN, then the effects are bound to appear in different positions of the sentence. In case the effect is as a result of SEM+SYN, the effect may be characterized by it appearing either prior to or after the position. Reference Yang, J., Suiping, W., Hsuan-Chih, C., Rayner, K., (2009). The time course of semantic and syntactic processing in Chinese sentence comprehension: Evidence from eye movements. Memory and Cognition. 37 (8), Pp.1-13

Would the anti-smoking ban affect the strategies of a restaurant Essay

Would the anti-smoking ban affect the strategies of a restaurant - Essay Example Bans on smoking in restaurants and bars are appearing increasingly in many European countries, like Ireland (2004), Italy (2005), Sweden (2005), Norway (2004), and introduction is expected in many more in the near future (Rosted, 2006, p.34-9). In the U.S. many states have enacted a complete smoking ban in all restaurants and bars including: California, Delaware, New Jersey, New York, Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Utah, Vermont, Washington and Montana. Proponents of smoke-free restaurants cite a number of reasons to bar smoking in dining establishments. First, reduction of carbon monoxide, a contaminant present in tobacco smoke. An increased level of carbon monoxide has been shown to cause headache, chest pain, alteration of blood pressure and nausea (Steenland, 1992, p.48-54). Medical research demonstrates that second-hand tobacco smoke causes 35,000 to 40,000 excess deaths from heart disease per year in the U.S. alone. As a Gallup Poll shows, 52 percent of Americans believe second-hand smoke is "very harmful." The New York Department of Health found in a 2004 study that air pollution levels had decreased sixfold in bars and restaurants after the ban went into effect. The study also found that 97 percent of the more than 22,000 establishments inspected by the city from April 2003 through February were found in compliance with the new law and that 150,000 New Yorkers reported less exposure to second-hand smoke in their workplaces since the ban took effect (Zagat, 2004, p.43-6).Citizens of Helena, Mont. voted to ban smoking in all public places. Six months later the state Legislature rescinded the ban. During the six month ban, heart attack rates dropped by 58 percent. Once the ban was lifted, the heart-attack rate went back to previous levels (US Department of Health and Human Services, 2000, p.132). Another example: a study of Norway's 2004 smoke-free workplace law in bars, restaurants and night clubs has proven the law to be a huge success with staff breathing improved, nicotine in their urine eliminated and air quality has been cleaned up (Rosted, 2006, p.88-96). The thought of more smoke-free restaurants seems to be attracting patrons. A study in New York reports that 96 percent of those surveyed are dining out "as often" or "more often" since a smoke-free dining ban was established. What's more, restaurant openings outnumbered closings by a 2-1 ratio (Zagat, 2004, p.52-6). Second, the smoking ban results in a multitude of benefits for the management and safety of the restaurant, including decreasing the sick time of employees, limited liability of harm to employees, and decreased risk of fire hazards. It provides a healthier environment in the restaurant and decreases sick time of employees bothered by colds, sinus problems, asthma, and other respiratory problems triggered by second-hand smoke exposure. The law cuts the maintenance costs by eliminating burns to carpets, booths, tables and other furnishings. Smoking ban gets rid of dirty ashtrays and ashes and butts on the floor. It keeps the restaurant's owners from worrying that bread and pastries will pick up smoke odour. The law does away with complaints from non-smokers bothered by the smoke in the establishment. It makes seating easier: the restaurant's employees won't have to worry about putting customers in the